Kesan penggunaan koswer multimedia interaktif dengan ejen pedagogi dalam pembelajaran Nutrisi terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi

Kesan penggunaan koswer multimedia interaktif dengan ejen pedagogi dalam pembelajaran Nutrisi terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi

<p>Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kesan penggunaan koswer multimedia interaktif dengan ejen pedagogi iaitu Nutri-Score dalam pembelajaran Nutrisi terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi, kemahiran mengelaskan, kemahiran membanding dan membeza serta kemahiran menyelesaikan masala...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Norsaliza Sabu
Format: thesis
Language:zsm
Published: 2020
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8743
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:8743
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language zsm
topic
spellingShingle
Norsaliza Sabu
Kesan penggunaan koswer multimedia interaktif dengan ejen pedagogi dalam pembelajaran Nutrisi terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi
description <p>Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kesan penggunaan koswer multimedia interaktif dengan ejen pedagogi iaitu Nutri-Score dalam pembelajaran Nutrisi terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi, kemahiran mengelaskan, kemahiran membanding dan membeza serta kemahiran menyelesaikan masalah. Koswer multimedia interaktif ini telah dibangunkan berdasarkan dapatan analisis keperluan kajian terhadap topik-topik Biologi Tingkatan Empat yang dianggap sukar dengan menggunakan Model Alessi dan Trollip. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan reka bentuk eksperimen kuasi. Kaedah persampelan kelompok empat tahap digunakan untuk menentukan negeri-negeri di zon utara, daerah, sekolah dan pelajar. Seramai 181 orang responden tingkatan empat telah dipilih dari empat buah sekolah menengah kebangsaan iaitu masing-masing dua buah dari Kedah dan Pulau Pinang. Responden kumpulan rawatan (n=90) dan kumpulan kawalan (n=91) diagihkan kepada kumpulan prestasi tinggi, sederhana dan rendah berdasarkan tahap pengetahuan sedia ada untuk mengkaji kesan kaedah pembelajaran terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi. Instrumen kajian yang digunakan ialah set soalan asas Biologi (Ujian Kemasukan), set soalan Nutrisi (ujian pra dan ujian pasca) dan soal selidik Tahap Kompetensi Literasi Komputer. Data dianalisis menggunakan ujian Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA). Dapatan menunjukkan terdapat kesan yang signifikan terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi, kemahiran mengelaskan, kemahiran membanding dan membeza serta kemahiran menyelesaikan masalah bagi responden yang menggunakan Nutri-Score berbanding yang belajar secara tradisional [F(3,179)=20.52, p<.05]. Perbezaan yang signifikan ditunjukkan oleh responden yang menggunakan Nutri-Score dari kumpulan prestasi tinggi [F (3, 44)=9.89, p<.05] dan kumpulan prestasi sederhana [F(3,76)=8.68, p<.05] dalam kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi, kemahiran mengelaskan serta kemahiran membanding dan membeza. Kesimpulannya, penggunaan koswer multimedia interaktif yang menampilkan ejen pedagogi adalah berkesan terhadap peningkatan kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi, kemahiran mengelaskan serta kemahiran membanding dan membeza. Implikasi kajian ini menunjukkan koswer Nutri-Score boleh digunakan oleh guru-guru sekolah menengah untuk meningkatkan kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi pelajar. Penggunaan koswer Nutri-Score juga perlu diperluaskan kepada topik-topik lain dalam Biologi.</p>
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Doctorate
author Norsaliza Sabu
author_facet Norsaliza Sabu
author_sort Norsaliza Sabu
title Kesan penggunaan koswer multimedia interaktif dengan ejen pedagogi dalam pembelajaran Nutrisi terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi
title_short Kesan penggunaan koswer multimedia interaktif dengan ejen pedagogi dalam pembelajaran Nutrisi terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi
title_full Kesan penggunaan koswer multimedia interaktif dengan ejen pedagogi dalam pembelajaran Nutrisi terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi
title_fullStr Kesan penggunaan koswer multimedia interaktif dengan ejen pedagogi dalam pembelajaran Nutrisi terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi
title_full_unstemmed Kesan penggunaan koswer multimedia interaktif dengan ejen pedagogi dalam pembelajaran Nutrisi terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi
title_sort kesan penggunaan koswer multimedia interaktif dengan ejen pedagogi dalam pembelajaran nutrisi terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia
publishDate 2020
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8743
_version_ 1776104562483003392
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:87432023-03-07 Kesan penggunaan koswer multimedia interaktif dengan ejen pedagogi dalam pembelajaran Nutrisi terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi 2020 Norsaliza Sabu <p>Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kesan penggunaan koswer multimedia interaktif dengan ejen pedagogi iaitu Nutri-Score dalam pembelajaran Nutrisi terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi, kemahiran mengelaskan, kemahiran membanding dan membeza serta kemahiran menyelesaikan masalah. Koswer multimedia interaktif ini telah dibangunkan berdasarkan dapatan analisis keperluan kajian terhadap topik-topik Biologi Tingkatan Empat yang dianggap sukar dengan menggunakan Model Alessi dan Trollip. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan reka bentuk eksperimen kuasi. Kaedah persampelan kelompok empat tahap digunakan untuk menentukan negeri-negeri di zon utara, daerah, sekolah dan pelajar. Seramai 181 orang responden tingkatan empat telah dipilih dari empat buah sekolah menengah kebangsaan iaitu masing-masing dua buah dari Kedah dan Pulau Pinang. Responden kumpulan rawatan (n=90) dan kumpulan kawalan (n=91) diagihkan kepada kumpulan prestasi tinggi, sederhana dan rendah berdasarkan tahap pengetahuan sedia ada untuk mengkaji kesan kaedah pembelajaran terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi. Instrumen kajian yang digunakan ialah set soalan asas Biologi (Ujian Kemasukan), set soalan Nutrisi (ujian pra dan ujian pasca) dan soal selidik Tahap Kompetensi Literasi Komputer. Data dianalisis menggunakan ujian Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA). Dapatan menunjukkan terdapat kesan yang signifikan terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi, kemahiran mengelaskan, kemahiran membanding dan membeza serta kemahiran menyelesaikan masalah bagi responden yang menggunakan Nutri-Score berbanding yang belajar secara tradisional [F(3,179)=20.52, p<.05]. Perbezaan yang signifikan ditunjukkan oleh responden yang menggunakan Nutri-Score dari kumpulan prestasi tinggi [F (3, 44)=9.89, p<.05] dan kumpulan prestasi sederhana [F(3,76)=8.68, p<.05] dalam kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi, kemahiran mengelaskan serta kemahiran membanding dan membeza. Kesimpulannya, penggunaan koswer multimedia interaktif yang menampilkan ejen pedagogi adalah berkesan terhadap peningkatan kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi, kemahiran mengelaskan serta kemahiran membanding dan membeza. Implikasi kajian ini menunjukkan koswer Nutri-Score boleh digunakan oleh guru-guru sekolah menengah untuk meningkatkan kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi pelajar. Penggunaan koswer Nutri-Score juga perlu diperluaskan kepada topik-topik lain dalam Biologi.</p> 2020 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8743 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8743 text zsm closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia <p>Alhazmi, S., Thevathayan, C., & Hamilton, M. (2020). Interactive Pedagogical Agents for Learning Sequence Diagrams. Artificial Intelligence in Education, 10-14. Diperolehi daripada https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-03052240-7_2</p><p>Al-Kaisi, A., Arkhangelskaya, A., Rudenko-Morgun, O., & Lopanova, E. (2019). Pedagogical agents in teaching language: types and implementation opportunities. International E-Journal of Advances in Education, 5(15).</p><p>Ang, C. T. (2014). Pembinaan modul pendidikan seksualiti masalah pembelajaran peringkat menengah: Satu kajian berdasarkan analisis keperluan. (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang.</p><p>Abdul Kadir. (2013). Konsep pembelajaran kontekstual di sekolah. Dinamika Ilmu, 13(3),17-38.</p><p>Abdul Latif Gapor. (2010). Domain penilaian dalam teknologi pendidikan. Tanjung Malim: Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.</p><p>Aini Arifah A. B., & Norizan Mohd Yasin. (2008). Using teaching courseware to enhance classroom interaction as a method of knowledge sharing. Journal of Information Systems, Research and Practises, 1(1).</p><p>Ainsworth, S. (2008). How do animations influence learning? Current Perspectives on Cognition, Learning and Instruction: Recent Innovations in Educational Technology that Facilitate Student Learning (pp 37-67). United States of America: Information Age Publishing.</p><p>Alessi, S. M., & Trollip, S. R. (2001). Multimedia for learning: Methods and development (3rd edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.</p><p>Andala Rama Putra Barusman. (2014). Student Satisfaction as a Mediating Variable between Reputation, Image and Student Loyalty. Kertas dibentangkan di ITMAR 2014, 1, 414-436.</p><p>Anderson, J. R. (1983). A spreading activation theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22(3), 261-295.</p><p>Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A Taxonomy For Learning, Teaching and Assessing: A Revision of Blooms Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York: Longman.</p><p>Arends, I. R. (2004). Learning to teach. New York: McGraw Hill.</p><p>Arolkar, H., Jain, S., Modi, N., & Dodiya, S, T. (2013). Introduction to Multimedia. Computer Studies: Standard 11. Gujarat State Board of School Textbooks, India. Diperolehi daripada http://gujarateducation.gov.in/textbook/Images/ std11_sem_1/ computer_studies11/index. pdf</p><p>Ayres, P., & Sweller, J. (2012). The Split-Attention Principle in Multimedia Learning dalam The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning, 135-146. New York: Cambridge University Press. Diperolehi daripada https://www.cambridge.org/ core/books/cambridge-handbook-of-multimedia-learning/splitattention-principle -in-multimedia-learning/497A2FCB9737E3009B3CF0E4D97F7B99</p><p>Azam Majooni, Mona Masood, & Amir Akhavan. (2015). Scientific visualization based on intergrated model of text and picture comprehension via eye-tracking. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 176, 52-59.</p><p>Baddeley, A. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255, 556 559.</p><p>Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum. (2011). Spesifikasi kurikulum : Sains tingkatan 2 (Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah). Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.</p><p>Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum. (2012). Spesifikasi kurikulum : Biologi Tingkatan 4 (Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah). Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.</p><p>Barak, M., & Shakhman, L. (2008). Fostering higher-order thinking in science class: Teachers reflections. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice,14(3), 191208.</p><p>Barak, M., Ashkar, T., & Dori, Y. J. (2011). Teaching science via animated movies: Its effect on students learning outcomes and motivation. Proceedings of the Chais conference on instructional technologies research 2010: Learning in the technological era.</p><p>Barak, M., Ben-Chaim, D., & Zoller, U. (2007). Purposely teaching for the promotion of higher-order thinking skills: A case of critical thinking. Springer Science. doi 10.1007/s11165-006-9029-2</p><p>Barkley E. F., Cross, K. P., & Major, C. H. (2005). Collaborative learning techniques: A handbook for college faculty. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.</p><p>Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychological, 51(6), 1173-1182.</p><p>Bashah Abu Bakar. (2007). Kaedah analisis data penyelidikan ilmiah. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications and Distributors Sdn. Bhd.</p><p>Basir Zahrom. (2012, Mac 23). Analisis SPM 2011. Pencapaian sekolah bandar, luar bandar catat peningkatan. Berita Harian. Diperolehi daripada http://myadha. blogspot.com/2012/03/ analisis-spm-2011-pencapaian-sekolah.html</p><p>Baylor, A. L. (2001). Permutations of control: Cognitive considerations for agent-based learning environments. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 12(4), 403425.</p><p>Bayrak, B. K., & Bayram, H. (2010). The effect of computer aided teaching method on the students academic achievement in the science and technology course. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 235238.</p><p>Beavers, D. (2001). Professional development: Outside the workshop box. Principal Leadership, 1(9), 43-46.</p><p>Bernama. (2014, April 27). Only 37pc in science stream. New Sunday Times.</p><p>Bernama. (2014, April 27). Get children keen on science while they are still young, parents urged. Sunday Star.</p><p>Beyer, B. K. (1988). Developing a thinking skills program. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.</p><p>Biggs, M. J. G. (2006). Comparison of student perceptions of classroom instruction : Traditional, hybrid and distance learning. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education TOJDE April 2006 ISSN 1302-6488, 7(2), 4.</p><p>Blair, K., & Schwartz, D. L. (2014). Pedagogical agents for learning by teaching: Teachable agents. Diperolehi daripada aaalab.stanford.edu/papers/Teachable _Agent_Life.pdf</p><p>Brooks, C., Chavez, O., Tritz, J., & Teasley, S. (2015). Reducing Selection Bias in Quasi-Experimental Educational Studies. ACM Digital Library. Diperolehi daripada https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2723576.2723614</p><p>Caliskan, I. (2014). A Case Study About Using Instructional Design Models In Science Education. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116(2014), 394 396.</p><p>Campbell, L., & Campbell, B. (2009). Mindful learning: 101 strategies for student and teacher success. Thousand Oaks, CS: Corwin Press.</p><p>Campbell, L. (2004). The design and development of a simulation to teach water conservation to primary school students. International Education Journal,4(4), 42.</p><p>Campbell, N. A., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., & Reece, J. B. (2018). Biology: A global approach (11th edition). New York: Pearson.</p><p>Chou, C. Y., Chan, T. W., & Lin, C. J. (2003). Redefining the learning companion : The past, present and future of educational agents. Computers & Education, 40, 255-269.</p><p>Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. New York: Cambridge University Press.</p><p>Che Soh Said, Irfan Naufal Umar, Balakrishnan Muniandy, & Shakinaz Desa. (2015). Aplikasi Teknologi Multimedia dalam Pembelajaran Sains Biologi: Kesan Terhadap Pelajar Berbeza Tahap Keupayaan Spatial. Journal of ICT in Education, 2, 15-25.</p><p>Chee, H. M., Onn, C. W., & Sun, Y. G. (2009). Preliminary study for the usage of multimedia in education. Kertas dibentangkan di Symposium on Progress in Information and Communication Technology.</p><p>Chua, Y. P. (2006). Kaedah dan Statistik Penyelidikan: Kaedah penyelidikan (Buku 1). Shah Alam: McGraw-Hill Education (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.</p><p>Chua, Y. P. (2013). Asas statistik penyelidikan: Analisis data skala likert (Buku 3). (Ed. Ke-2). Shah Alam: McGraw-Hill Education (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.</p><p>Chua, Y. P. (2014a). Ujian univariat dan multivariat (Buku 4). (Ed. Ke-2). Shah Alam: McGraw-Hill Education (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.</p><p>Chua, Y. P. (2014b). Statistik penyelidikan lanjutan: Ujian regresi, analisis faktor dan analisis SEM. Shah Alam: McGraw-Hill Education (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.</p><p>Clark, R. C., Nguyen, F., & Sweller, J. (2011). Efficiency in Learning: Evidence-Based Guidelines to Manage Cognitive Load. San Francisco: Pfeiffer.</p><p>Coffield, F. J., Moseley, D. V., Hall, E., & Ecclestone, K. (2004). Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning: A systhematic and critical review. London: Learning and Skills Research Centre.</p><p>Computer skills checklist. Diperolehi daripada www.oregon.gov/ccwd/abe/pdf/ computerskills checklistfinal.pdf</p><p>Craig, S. D., Gholson, B., & Driscoll, D. M. (2002). Animated pedagogical agents in multimedia educational environments: Effects of agent properties, pTMKure features and redundancy. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(2), 428-434.</p><p>Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (5th edition). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.</p><p>Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed method research (2nd edition). London: SAGE.</p><p>Driscoll, M. P. (2005). Psychology of learning for instruction. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon Publishers. Sudjimat, D. A., & Chandra Permadi, L. (2019). Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan, 25 (2), 204-212. doi: 10.21831/jptk.v25i2.24416</p><p>Davidson, R., Snelling, C., Karanicolas, S., Crotti, T., & Phillips, B. (2019). Authentic Assessment as a Tool to Bridge the Transition Between Learning and Work dalam Employability via Higher Education: Sustainability as Scholarship. Switzerland: Springer.</p><p>Edelson, D. C., & Reiser, B. (2006). Making authentic practices accessible to learners. Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences. Cambridge University Press, New York.</p><p>Ertmer, P. A., Conklin, D., Lewandowski, J., Osika, E., Selo,M., & Wignall, E. (2003). Increasing preservice teachers capacity for technology integration through the use of electronic models. Teacher Education Quarterly. Diperolehi daripada http://www.edci. purdue.edu/ ertmer/docs/AECT01proceedings.pdf</p><p>Evi Suryati, & Kamisah Osman. (2018). Contextual Learning: Innovative Approach towards the Development of Students Scientific Attitude and Natural Science Performance. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(1):61-76. doi: 10.12973/ejmste/79329</p><p>Faaizah Shahbodin, & Halimah Badioze Zaman. (2009). Penerapan pendekatan pbl dalam pakej multimedia C2HADAM: Konstruk keberkesanan. Jurnal Teknologi Maklumat & Multimedia, 5, 25-46.</p><p>Fairbrother, R. W. (1975). The realibility of teachers judgements of the ability being tested by multiple-choice items. Educational Researcher, 17(3), 202-201.</p><p>Fani, M. M., Mehravar, S., & Mehravi, M. (2014). Level of learning and satisfaction through traditional methods and the use of multimedia: A comparative study. Interdisciplinary Journal of Virtual Learning In Medical Sciences, 5(2), 72-78. Diperolehi daripada http://ijvlms.sums.ac.ir/article_46111.html</p><p>Fazzlijan Mohamed Adnan Khan, & Mona Masood (2013). The Development and Testing of Multimedia-assisted MasteryLearning Courseware with regard to the Learning of Cellular Respiration. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences, 103( 2013), 999 1005.</p><p>Fazzlijan Mohamed Adnan Khan, & Mona Masood (2015). The effectiveness of an interactive multimedia courseware with cooperative mastery approach in enhancing higher order thinking skills in learning cellular respiration. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences, 176( 2015 ), 977 984.</p><p>Field, A., Miles, J., & Field, Z. (2012). Discovering statistics using R. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.</p><p>Frey, B. A., & Sutton, J. M. (2010). A model for developing multimedia learning projects. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 6(2).</p><p>Friedler, Y., Amir, R., & Tamir, P. (1987). High school students difficulties in understanding osmosis. International Journal of Science Education, 9, 541-551.</p><p>Gagne, R. M., & Briggs, L. J. (1979). Principles of instructional design (2nd edition). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.</p><p>Gagne, R. M. (1987). Instructional technology: foundations. Hillsdale, N. J. : L. Erlbaum Associates.</p><p>Gagne, R. M., Wager, W. W., Golas, K. C., & Keller, J. M. (2005). Principles of Instructional Design (5th edition). Wadsworth: Thomson.</p><p>Gan, W. Y., Manoharan Subramaniam, & Azmah Rajion. (2005). Biology form 4: Integrated curriculum for secondary schools. Kuala Lumpur: Bakaprep Sdn. Bhd.</p><p>Gan, W. Y., Manoharan Subramaniam, & Azmah Rajion. (2011). Biology Tingkatan 4: Kurikulum bersepadu sekolah menengah. Kuala Lumpur: Bakaprep Sdn. Bhd.</p><p>Garson, G. D. (2012). Testing statistical assumptions. North Carolina State University: Statistical Associates Publishing.</p><p>George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.</p><p>Gulistan Mohammed Saido, Saedah Siraj, Abu Bakar Nordin, & Omed Saadallah. (2015). Higher order thinking skills among secondary school students in science learning. The Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Science, 3(3). Diperolehi daripada file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/12778-1561-25080-1-1020180801.pdf</p><p>Guolla, M. (1999). Assessing the teaching quality to student satisfaction relationship: Applied customer satisfaction research in the classroom. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 7(3), 87-97.</p><p>Gilovith, T. (1991). How we know what isnt so. New York: Free Press.</p><p>Hailikari, T., Katajavuori, N., & Lindblom-Ylanne, S. (2008). The Relevance of Prior Knowledge in Learning and Instructional Design. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 72(5), 113.</p><p>Hair, F.J., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, Boston: Pearsoned.</p><p>Hamad Alsowat. (2016). An EFL flipped classroom teaching model: Effects on English language higher-order thinking skills, student engagement and satisfaction. Journal of Education and Practise, 7(9).</p><p>Hamed Taherdoost. (2016). Sampling methods in research methodology: How to choose a sampling technique for research. International Journal for Academic Research in Management, 5(2), 18-27.</p><p>Hegarty, M., & Kriz, S. (2007). Effects of knowledge and spatial ability on learning from animation in Learning with animation: Research implications for design. New York: Cambridge University Press.</p><p>Ifwan Tun Tuah. (2013, Mac 17). Rangsang kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi. Berita Harian.</p><p>In, J. (2017). Introduction of a pilot study. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 70(6). Diperolehi daripada https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5716817</p><p>Jamalludin Harun, & Zaidatun Tasir. (2001). Macromedia Flash 5: Konsep dan asas penggunaan. Kuala Lumpur: Venton Publishing.</p><p>Jacobs, G. (2004). Cooperative learning: Theory, principles, and techniques. Online Submission.</p><p>Jancheski, M. (2011). The importance of animations and simulation in the process of 8th e-learning. Kertas dibentangkan di Conference on Informatics and Information Technology with International Participation (CIIT 2011).</p><p>Jia, J., He, Y., & Le, H. (2020). A Multimodal Human-Computer Interaction System and Its Application in Smart Learning Environments. Blended Learning, Education in a Smart Learning Environment, 3-14. Diperolehi daripada: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-51968-1_1</p><p>Johnson, A. M., Ozogult, G., & Reisslein, M. (2014). Supporting multimedia learning with visual signaling and animated pedagogical agent: moderating effects of prior knowledge. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning. doi: 10.1111/jcal.12078</p><p>Johnson, W. L., Rickel, J. W., & Lester, J. C. (2000). Animated pedagogical agents: Face-to-face interaction in interactive learning environments. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 11(1), 47-78.</p><p>Jonassen, D. H., Peck, K. L., & Wilso, B. G. (1999). Learning with technology: A constructivist perspective. Ohio: Prentice Hall.</p><p>Kalyuga, S., & Sweller, J. (2012). The Redundancy Principle in Multimedia Learning dalam The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning, 247-262. New York: Cambridge University Press. Diperolehi daripada https:// www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-handbook-of-multimedia-learning/ redundancy-principle-in-multimedialearning/1CB52515DB655365BDBEBD 85FEFD680A</p><p>Kamisah Osman, Zanaton Iksan, & Lilia Halim. (2007). Sikap terhadap Sains dan sikap saintifik di kalangan pelajar Sains. Jurnal Pendidikan, 32(2007), 39-60.</p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2013a). Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia 2013-2015 (Pendidikan prasekolah hingga lepas menengah). Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Diperolehi daripada http://www. moe.gov.my/cms/upload_files/articlefile/2013/articlefile_file _003107 . pdf</p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2013b). Program kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi: Konsep KBAT. Diperolehi daripada http://asiskl.org/v4/wp-content/ uploads/ 2014/01/1.-KONSEP-KBAT-dan-i-THINK.pdf</p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2016). Panduan Pelaksanaan Sains, Teknologi, Kejuruteraan dan Matematik (STEM) dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Putrajaya: Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum.</p><p>Khalil, T. M. (2000). Management of technology: The key to competitiveness and wealth creation. New York: Irwin McGraw-Hill.</p><p>Kim, C., & Baylor, A. L. (2008). A virtual change agent : Motivating pre-service teachers in their future classrooms. Educational Technology and Society, 11(2), 309-321.</p><p>King, F. J., Goodson, L., & Rohani, F. (1997). Statewide assessment of listening and verbal communication skills, information literacy skills, and problem-solving skills. Tallahassee: Florida State University.</p><p>Knorzer, L., Brunken, R., & Park, B. (2016). Emotions and multimedia learning: the moderating role of learner characteristics. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning. doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12158</p><p>Kriz, S., & Hegarty, M. (2007). Top-down and bottom-up influences on learning from animations. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 65(11), 911930. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2007.06.005</p><p>Kruse, K. (2008). Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction: An Introduction. Diperolehi daripada http://thailandpod.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/4.GagneStyle.pdf</p><p>Lau, H. Y., Lau, P. Y., Yong, L. K., & Helmi Yaakob. (2015). Sains tingkatan 123: Wow PT3. Petaling Jaya: Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.</p><p>Lee, T. T. (2013). Pembinaan dan keberkesanan modul interaktif dengan agen pedagogi dalam pembelajaran elektrokimia (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.</p><p>Lee, T. T., & Kamisah Osman (2012). Interactive multimedia module in learning of electrochemistry: Effects on students understanding and motivation. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 1323-1327. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro. 2012.05.295</p><p>Lembaga Peperiksaan Malaysia. (2010). Kupasan Mutu Jawapan SPM 2010 Biologi 2 4551/2. Putrajaya. Diperolehi daripada https://dokumen.tips/documents/ biology-k2-spm-2010-kupasan-mutu-jawapan-calon.html</p><p>Lembaga Peperiksaan Malaysia. (2013). Kupasan Mutu Jawapan SPM 2013 Biologi 2 4551/2. Putrajaya. Diperolehi daripada http://lp.moe.gov.my/images/bahan/ spm/KMJ/KMJ_SPM_2013/4551_2%20BIOLOGI.pdf</p><p>Lembaga Peperiksaan Malaysia. (2014). Kupasan Mutu Jawapan SPM 2014 Biologi 2 4551/2. Putrajaya. Diperolehi daripada http://lp.moe.gov.my/images/bahan/ spm/KMJ/KMJ_SPM_2014/Siri%202/Biologi%202.pdf</p><p>Lembaga Peperiksaan Malaysia. (2017). Kupasan Mutu Jawapan SPM 2014 Biologi 2 4551/2. Putrajaya. Diperolehi daripada http://lp.moe.gov.my/images/ bahan/ spm/KMJ/KMJ_SPM_2017/BIOLOGI%202%20(4551_2).pdf</p><p>Lo, C. C. (2010). How student satisfaction factors affect perceived learning. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 10(1).</p><p>Loving, G. D. (2011). On the possibility of friendship between teachers and students: The pedagogical suspension of the amical. Philosophical Studies in Education, 42, 44-54.</p><p>Lowe, R. K. (2003). Animation and learning: Selective processing of information in dynamic graphics. Learning and Instruction, 13(2), 157-176.</p><p>Li, W., Wang, F., Mayer, R. E., & Liu, H. (2019). Getting the point: Which kinds of gestures by pedagogical agents improve multimedia learning? Journal of Educational Psychology, 111(8), 13821395. doi.org/ 10.1037/ edu0000352</p><p>Lin, L., Ginns, P., Wang, T., & Zhang, P. (2020). Using a pedagogical agent to deliver conversational style instruction: What benefits can you obtain? Computers & Education. Diperolehi daripada https://reader.elsevier.com /reader/sd/pii/ S0360131519302118?token= 63060E5DBF58EA5B9D484177 FB965498BB0 BEE8D363EAF75C1CF6FFFE3E469F6596D4DEEAC5A1594C7796AF88C 1E55D4</p><p>Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35(382385).</p><p>M. Hifzuddin Ikhsan. (2014, April 27). Belajar sains mesti seronok. Berita Harian.</p><p>Magennis, S., & Farrell, A. (2007). Teaching and learning activities: Expanding the repertoire to support student learning. Diperolehi daripada http://www.aishe. org/readings/2005-1/magennis.pdf</p><p>Marzano, R. J., & Kendall, J. S. (2007). The new taxonomy of educational objectives (2nd edition). California: Corwin Press.</p><p>Marzano, R. J., Paynter, D. E., & Doty, J. K. (2003). The pathfinder project: Exploring the power of one teachers manual. Conifer, CO:Pathfinder.</p><p>Marzano, R. J., Pickering, D., & McTighe, J. (1993). Assessing student outcomes: Performance assessment using the dimensions of learning model. Alexandria, Virginia : Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD).</p><p>Mastoor Al Kaboody. (2013). Second language motivation: The role of teachers in learnersmotivation. Journal of Academic and Applied Studies, 3(4), 45-54.</p><p>Mayer, R. E. (2001). Multimedia learning. New York: Cambridge University Press.</p><p>Mayer, R. E. (2005). A cognitive theory of multimedia learning. Dalam R. E. Mayer (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning. New York: Cambridge University Press.</p><p>Mayer, R. E. (2008). Research-based principles for learning with animation. Dalam R. Lowe & W. Schnotz, Learning with Animation. New York: Cambridge University Press.</p><p>Mayer, R. E. (2010). Applying the science of learning to medical education. Medical Education, 44, 543549.</p><p>Mayer, R. E. (2014). Principles based on social cues in multimedia learning: personalization, voice, image, and embodiment principles dalam The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning, 345-368. New York: Cambridge University Press. Diperolehi daripada https://www.cambridge. org/core/books/cambridge-handbook-of-multimedia-learning/principles-basedon-social-cues-in-multimedia-learning-personalization-voice-image-andembodiment-principles/3841340D8AD820C26DBCD39AE664BCEC</p><p>Mayer, R. E. (2020). Designing Multimedia Instruction in Anatomy: An Evidence-Based Approach. Medical and Dental Education, 33, 2-11.</p><p>Mayer, R. E., & Moreno, R. (2003). Nine ways to reduce cognitive load in multimedia learning. Educational Psychologists, 38, 43-52.</p><p>Mayer, R. E., Fennell, S., Farmer, L., & Campbell, J. (2004). A personalization effect in multimedia learning: Students learn better when words are in conversational style rather than formal style. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96, 389-395.</p><p>McConnell, D. (2000). Implementing computer supported cooperative learning (2nd edition). London: Kogan Page.</p><p>Mehmood, N., Anwer, M., & Ahmed Tatlah, I. (2017). Effect of Combined Teaching Strategies on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) of Biology Students. Global Regional Review (GRR), II(I), 389-404.</p><p>Mehrens, W. A., & Lehmann, I. J. (1991). Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology (4th edition). USA: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.</p><p>Meir, E., Perry, J., Stal, D., Maruca, S., & Klopter, B. (2005). How effective are stimulated molecular-level experiments for teaching diffusion and osmosis? Cell Biology Education, 43, 235-248.</p><p>Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Sweller, J. (2010). Cognitive Load Theory and Complex Learning: Recent Developments and Future Directions. Educational Psychology Review, 17(2). doi: 10.1007/s10648-005-3951-0</p><p>Miller, G. A., Galanter, E., & Pribram, K. H. (1960). Plans and the structure of behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.</p><p>Mnguni, L. E. (2014).The theoretical cognitive process of visualization for science education. SpringerPlus, 3:184. Diperolehi daripada https://springerplus. springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/2193-1801-3-184</p><p>Mohamad Sahari Nordin. (2002). Pengujian dan penaksiran di bilik darjah. Kuala Lumpur: Mulia Erat Sdn. Bhd.</p><p>Mohamad Khairi Mat Said (2012). Analisis item. Diperolehi daripada https://www.academia.edu/24310087/MOHAMAD_KHAIRI_BIN_MAT_SA ID</p><p>Moreno, R. (2000). Life-like pedagogical agents in constructivist multi-media environments. Kertas dibentangkan diEDMEDIA 2000 Conference, 26 Jun 1 Julai 2000, Montreal, Canada.</p><p>Moreno, R. (2004). Decreasing cognitive load for novice students: Effects of explanatory versus corrective feedback in discovery-based multimedia. Instructional Science, 32, 99-113.</p><p>Moreno, R. (2005). Multimedia learning with animated pedagogical agents. In Mayer, R. E., The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning, 507-523. New York: Cambridge University Press.</p><p>Morozov, M., Tanakov, A., & Bystrov, D. (2004). A team of pedagogical agents in multimedia environment for children. Educational Technology and Society, 7(2), 19-24.</p><p>Moundridou, M., & Virvou, M. (2002). Evaluating the persona effect of an interface agent in a tutoring system. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 18(3), 253261.</p><p>Mohamadhasani, N., Fardanesh, H., Hatami, J., Mozayani, N., & Fabio, R. A. (2018). The pedagogical agent enhances mathematics learning in ADHD students. Education and Information Technologies, 23, 22992308.</p><p>Nik Azis Nik Pa. (2014). Penghasilan disertasi berkualiti dalam pendidikan Matematik. Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.</p><p>Nooriza Kassim, & Effandi Zakaria. (2015). Integrasi kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Matematik: Analisis keperluan guru. Persidangan Serantau Siswazah Pendidikan.</p><p>Norhailmi Abdul Mutalib, & Ahmad Azrul Arefe Ahmad Rosdi. (2017). Pembelajaran abad 21: Bukan sekadar susun kerusi dan meja. Kangar: Percetakan Perlis (1990) Sdn. Bhd.</p><p>Norhailmi Abdul Mutalib, & Ahmad Azrul Arefe Ahmad Rosdi. (2018). STEM: Amalan terbaik bilik darjah. Kangar: Percetakan Perlis (1990) Sdn. Bhd.</p><p>Othman Talib. (2006). Computer-animated instruction and students achievement gains in electrochemistry (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor.</p><p>Othman Talib. (2013). Asas penulisan: Tesis pengkajian dan statistik. Serdang: Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia.</p><p>Othman Talib, Matthews, R., & Secombe, M. (2006). Innovative Constructivist Animated Instruction in Teaching Complex, Abstract and Dynamic Science Concepts. Jurnal Pendidikan. Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.</p><p>Ormrod, J. E. (2008). Human learning. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.</p><p>Paivio, A. (1971). Imagery and verbal processes. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.</p><p>Pallant, J. (2005). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (Version 12). New South Wales: Allen & Unwin.</p><p>Park, B., Flowerday, T., & Brunken, R. ( 2015). Cognitive and affective effects of seductive details in multimedia learning. Computers in Human Behaviour, 44(2015), 267-278.</p><p>Parsons, N. (2016). Do visuals really trump text? Diperolehi daripada https://www.liveplan.com/blog/2016/01/scientific-reasons-why-you-shouldpresent-your-data-visually/</p><p>Peffer, M. (2020). I have learned to hate Science. The American Biology Teacher, 82 (3),137. doi.org/10.1525/abt.2020.82.3.137</p><p>Pennings, R. D. (2001). Basic Computer Literacy Skills Expected Of Students By Instructors At Wisconsin Indianhead Technical College. Tesis sarjana tidak diterbitkan. University of Wisconsin-stout.</p><p>Pituch, K. A., & Stevens, J. P. (2016). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. New York & London: Taylor & Francis Group.</p><p>Pokhariyal, G. P. (2019), Importance of moderating and intervening variables on the relationship between independent and dependent variables. International Journal of Statistics and Applied Mathematics 2019, 4(5), 01-04.</p><p>Rajendran, N. (2001). Pengajaran kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi: kesediaan guru mengendalikan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Kertas kerja dibentangkan pada Seminar Projek KBKK: Poster Warisan-Pendidikan-Wawasan 2001.</p><p>Rian Vebrianto, Radjawaly Usman Rery, & Kamisah Osman (2016). BIOMIND Portal for Developing 21st Century Skills and Overcoming Students Misconception in Biology Subject. International Journal of Distance Education Technologies, 14(4), 55-67.</p><p>Riaza Mohd Rias, & Halimah Badioze Zaman. (2010). Designing multimedia learning application with learning theories: A case study on a computer science subject with 2-D and 3-D animated versions. Asia Pacific Forum on Science Learning and teaching. 12(2), p.1.</p><p>Riaza Mohd Rias, & Halimah Badioze Zaman. (2013). Understanding the role of prior knowledge in a multimedia learning application. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 29(4).</p><p>Roberts, T. S. (2005). Computer-supported collaborative learning in higher education. Central Queensland University: Idea Group Publishing.</p><p>Rogers, J., & Revesz, A. (2019). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs. Diperolehi daripada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334250281_ Experimental_and_quasi-experimental_designs</p><p>Roth, T., Appel, J., Schwingel, A., & Rumpler, M., (2019). Learning in virtual physics laboratories assisted by a pedagogical agent. Journal of Physics: Conference series, 1223.</p><p>Rose, S., Spinks, N., & Canhoto, A. I. (2015). Management research: Applying the principles. London & New York: Routeledge.</p><p>Rozinah Jamaluddin. (2005). Pembangunan dan keberkesanan pakej multimedia kemahiran berfikir bagi mata pelajaran Kimia (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.</p><p>Ruiz, J. G., Cook, D. A., & Levinson, A. J. (2009). Computer animations in medical education: A critical literature review. Medical Education, 43, 838-846.</p><p>Ryu, J., & Baylor, A. L. (2005). The psychometric structure of pedagogical agent persona. Technology, Instruction, Cognition and Learning, 2, 291-314.</p><p>Saidatul et al. (2007). Tahap realisme agen pedagogi dan hubungannya dengan pencapaian dan motivasi pelajar dalam pembelajaran atas talian. Kertas kerja dibentangkan dalam 1st International Malaysian Educational Technology Convention, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.</p><p>Saliman (2013). Pembelajaran Kontekstual Contextual Teaching & Learning (CTL) Presentation Transcript. Diperolehi daripada http://www.slideshare.net/ abeyow/pembelajarankontekstualcontextual-teaching-learning-ctl</p><p>Samson, B., Marshall, I., & Dugard, P. (1994). Multimedia courseware cost modelling. 9th COCOMO Forum 5-7 October 1994. University of Abertay Dundee, United Kingdom.</p><p>Sezer, B. (2017). The effectiveness of a technology-enhanced flipped science classroom. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 55(4), 471-494. Doi 10.1177/0735633116671325</p><p>Soika, K., Reiska, P., & Miksar, R. (2010). The importance of animation as a visual method in learning Chemistry. Concept Maps: Making Learning Meaningful. Kertas dibentangkan di Proc. Of Fourth Int. Conference on Concept Mapping, Vina del Mar, Chile.</p><p>Shukran Abdul Rahman, & Nor Faridah Abdul Manaf. (2017). A critical analysis of Blooms Taxonomy in teaching creative and critical thinking skills in Malaysia through English Literature. Canadian Center of Science and Education, 10(9). doi: 10.5539/elt.v10n9p245</p><p>Siti Noridah Ali. (2012). Malaysian polytechnic lecturers teaching practices with TMK utilization to promote higher order thinking skills. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.</p><p>Siti Nurkhadijah Aishah Ibrahim, & Ali Selamat. (2008). Analisis keberkesanan sistem penyelarasan kos projek pembengunan koswer menggunakan Model Reka Bentuk Awalan Cocomo II. Jurnal Teknologi, 48(1), 91-103. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai.</p><p>Siti Salwa Md. Sawari, & Azlina Mustaffa. (2014). Guru bersahsiah mulia menurut pandang Ibnu Sahnun: Analisa buku adab Al-Mualimin. The Online Journal of Islamic Education, 2(2).</p><p>Siti Zubaidah. (2010). Pembelajaran koperatif dan group investigation (sebagai salah satu teknik pembelajaran kolaboratif. Diperolehi daripada: https:// www. researchgate.net/publication/318040393</p><p>Slavin, R. E. (1991). Synthesis of research on cooperative learning. Educational Leadership, 48(5), 71-82. Diperolehi daripada: http://www.ascd.org/ASCD/ pdf/journals/ ed_lead/el_199102_slavin.pdf</p><p>Slavin, R. E. (1998). Cooperative learning. Review of Educational Research. doi: 10.3102/00346543050002315. Diperolehi daripada https://www.researchgate. net/publication/258183246</p><p>Slavin, R. E. (2015). Cooperative learning in schools. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 4(2),881-886.</p><p>Stiggins, R. J. (1999). Evaluating classroom assessment training in teacher education. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 18(1), 23-27.</p><p>Stromme, T. A., & Mork, S. J. (2020). Students Conceptual Sense-making of Animations and Static Visualizations of Protein Synthesis: a Sociocultural Hypothesis Explaining why Animations May Be Beneficial for Student Learning. Research in Science Education. Diperolehi daripada https://link. springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11165-020-09920-2.pdf</p><p>Sudjimat, & Chandra Permadi (2019). Effect of Work-Based Learning Model on Students Achievement Motivation. Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan, 25(2), 204-212.</p><p>Suzilawati Shamsuddin. (2016). Pembinaan dan penilaian modul pembelajaran Biologi berteraskan pembelajaran berasaskan masalah berperancahan (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak.</p><p>Swain, K. T. (2012). Meaningful use of animation and simulation in the science classroom. Education and Human Development Masters Thesis, paper 143.</p><p>Sweeney, J. C., & Ingram. D. (2001). A Comparison of Traditional and Web Marketing Education: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Marketing Education, 23(1), 5562.</p><p>Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (seventh edition). United States of America: Pearson Education.</p><p>Tajularipin Sulaiman, Vickneswary Muniyan, Diwiyah Madhvan, Raidah Hasan, & Suzieleez Syrene Abdul Rahim (2017). Implementation of Higher Order Thinking Skills in Teaching of Science: a case study in Malaysia. International Research Jurnal of Education and Sciences (IRJES), 1(1).</p><p>Talib, O., Matthews, R., & Secombe, M. (2019). Computer-animated instruction and students conceptual change in electrochemistry: Preliminary qualitative analysis. International Education Journal, 5(5), 29-42.</p><p>Tamayo-Moreno, S., & Perez-Marin, D. (2016, September). Adapting the design and the use methodology of a pedagogical conversational agent of secondary education to childhood education. International Symposium on Computers in Education. doi: 10.1109/SIIE.2016.7751819</p><p>Tang, S. M., & Lim, K. T. (2002). Hubungan antara hubungan pengajaran dan pembelajaran dengan kepuasan pelajar: Satu tinjauan. Kualiti Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran, 3(1).</p><p>Tee, H. T. (2015). Sains tingkatan 2: Exploring my apps (KBSM). Serdang: Cemerlang Publications Sdn. Bhd.</p><p>Tessema, M. T., Ready, K., & Yu, W. C. W. (2012). Factors affecting collegestudents satisfaction with major curriculum: evidence from nine years of data. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(2).</p><p>Tversky, B., & Morrison, J. (2002). Animation: Can it facilitate? International Journal Human-Computer Studies, 57, 247-262.</p><p>Tversky, B., Heiser, J., Mackenzie, R., Lozano, S., & Morrison, J. (2008). Enriching animations. Dalam R. Lowe & W. Schnotz, Learning with Animation. New York: Cambridge University Press.</p><p>Vaughan, T. (2011). Multimedia: Making it work (8th edition). St. Francisco: Mc Graw-Hill.</p><p>Wang, C., Fang, T., & Gu, Y. (2020). Learning performance and behavioral patterns of online collaborative learning: Impact of cognitive load and affordances of different multimedia. Computers and Education, 143(2020), 103683.</p><p>Walker, S. L. (2003). Development and Validation of an Instrument for Assessing Distance Education Learning Environments in Higher Education: The Distance Education Learning Environments Survey (DELES). (Unpublished Degree of Doctor of Science EducationThesis). Curtin University of Technology. Diperolehi daripada http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au/R/? func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14269&local_base=GEN01-ERA02</p><p>Weidmann, W., & Humphrey, M. B. (2002). Building a network to empower teachers for school reform. School Science and Mathematics, 102(2), 88-93.</p><p>Woo, H. L. (2009). Designing multimedia learning environments using animated pedagogical agents: factors and issues. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 25, 203-218. doi : 10.1111/j.1365-2729.2008.00299.x</p><p>Wu, H. K., & Shah, P. (2004). Exploring Visuospatial Thinking in Chemistry Learning. ScienceEducation, 88(3), 465 492.</p><p>Yilmaz, F. G. K., Olpak, Y. Z., & Yilmaz, R. (2017). The Effect of the Metacognitive Support via Pedagogical Agent on Self-Regulation Skills. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 122. doi: 10.1177/0735633117707696</p><p>Yong, B. C. S. (2003). Language problems in the learning of Biology through the medium of English. Journal of Applied Research in Education, 7(1), 97-104.</p><p>Yong, B. C. S. (2009). Students motivational orientations and their associations with achievement in Biology. Brunei International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 1(1), 52-64.</p><p>Zaidatun Tasir, & Mohd Salleh Abu. (2003). Analisis data berkomputer: SPSS 11.5 for Windows. Kuala Lumpur: Venton Publishing.</p><p>Zoller, U. (1993). Are lecture and learning compatible? Maybe for LOCS: Unlikely for HOCS (SYM). Journal of Chemistry Educational, 70, 195-197.</p>

Similar Items