The saviour concept in selected Iraqi post-war of 2003 novels

<p>The main objective of this study was to investigate the notion of the saviour concept in the</p><p>selected post-2003 Iraqi war novels. In this study I argued that the novelistic publication in</p><p>Iraq post-2003 war and the...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Jubair, Jubair Ahmed Karyosh
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2021
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8943
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:8943
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic PL Languages and literatures of Eastern Asia
Africa
Oceania
spellingShingle PL Languages and literatures of Eastern Asia
Africa
Oceania
Jubair, Jubair Ahmed Karyosh
The saviour concept in selected Iraqi post-war of 2003 novels
description <p>The main objective of this study was to investigate the notion of the saviour concept in the</p><p>selected post-2003 Iraqi war novels. In this study I argued that the novelistic publication in</p><p>Iraq post-2003 war and the U.S invasion of Iraq flourished after the drastic change in the</p><p>political, social, cultural and economic life of Iraqis. The saviour concept is discussed in</p><p>three contemporary novels written by three Iraqi novelists; namelyFrankenstein in</p><p>Baghdad by Ahmed Saadawi, A Hope to Live by Fawzi Al Hindawi, and The Tobacco</p><p>Keeper by Ali Bader. The themes and discourses in the novels witnessed new trends and</p><p>styles of writing and became the real reflection of life and sufferings of Iraqis. The saviour</p><p>concept as a theme was adopted from the universal phenomena based on the English novel</p><p>Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. This concept is employed consciously to convey the idea</p><p>of the Saviour as the last resort and hope for those who are suffering from marginalization</p><p>and impoverishment in the neighbourhoods of Baghdad. Two major theories are adopted</p><p>to shed light on the concept of saviour are New Historicism and the Postcolonial theory.</p><p>The conclusion of the study is that the saviour concept is centred at the core of every faith</p><p>and religious belief, so the idea of waiting for this saviour was present in every heavenly</p><p>or earthly religion. The study implicates the idea that a philosophy of waiting of a universal</p><p>Saviour is almost the common denominator among all peoples, nations and civilizations</p><p>especially in times of need.</p>
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Doctorate
author Jubair, Jubair Ahmed Karyosh
author_facet Jubair, Jubair Ahmed Karyosh
author_sort Jubair, Jubair Ahmed Karyosh
title The saviour concept in selected Iraqi post-war of 2003 novels
title_short The saviour concept in selected Iraqi post-war of 2003 novels
title_full The saviour concept in selected Iraqi post-war of 2003 novels
title_fullStr The saviour concept in selected Iraqi post-war of 2003 novels
title_full_unstemmed The saviour concept in selected Iraqi post-war of 2003 novels
title_sort saviour concept in selected iraqi post-war of 2003 novels
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Bahasa dan Komunikasi
publishDate 2021
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8943
_version_ 1776104582227689472
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:89432023-05-15 The saviour concept in selected Iraqi post-war of 2003 novels 2021 Jubair, Jubair Ahmed Karyosh PL Languages and literatures of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania <p>The main objective of this study was to investigate the notion of the saviour concept in the</p><p>selected post-2003 Iraqi war novels. In this study I argued that the novelistic publication in</p><p>Iraq post-2003 war and the U.S invasion of Iraq flourished after the drastic change in the</p><p>political, social, cultural and economic life of Iraqis. The saviour concept is discussed in</p><p>three contemporary novels written by three Iraqi novelists; namelyFrankenstein in</p><p>Baghdad by Ahmed Saadawi, A Hope to Live by Fawzi Al Hindawi, and The Tobacco</p><p>Keeper by Ali Bader. The themes and discourses in the novels witnessed new trends and</p><p>styles of writing and became the real reflection of life and sufferings of Iraqis. The saviour</p><p>concept as a theme was adopted from the universal phenomena based on the English novel</p><p>Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. This concept is employed consciously to convey the idea</p><p>of the Saviour as the last resort and hope for those who are suffering from marginalization</p><p>and impoverishment in the neighbourhoods of Baghdad. Two major theories are adopted</p><p>to shed light on the concept of saviour are New Historicism and the Postcolonial theory.</p><p>The conclusion of the study is that the saviour concept is centred at the core of every faith</p><p>and religious belief, so the idea of waiting for this saviour was present in every heavenly</p><p>or earthly religion. The study implicates the idea that a philosophy of waiting of a universal</p><p>Saviour is almost the common denominator among all peoples, nations and civilizations</p><p>especially in times of need.</p> 2021 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8943 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8943 text eng closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Bahasa dan Komunikasi <p>Akhtar, A. (2019). A good writer writes about his society, not about himself. The News Sunday:</p><p>Retrieved from: http://tns.thenews.com.pk/good-writer-writes- society/#.XEivSSVuZdg. January 20,</p><p>2019.</p><p></p><p>Al Hindawi, Fawzi (2015). A Hope to Live. Canada, Fawzi Al-Hindawi, PageMaster Publication Inc.</p><p></p><p>Allen, Roger (2007)." Rewriting Literary History": The Case of the Arabic Novel".</p><p>Journal of Arabic Literature, 38 (3), 247-260. Cited from Kashou, 2013.</p><p></p><p>Al Majlisi, M. (1999). The Promised Mahdi. Mumbai: English Translation of Biharul Anwar, Volumes</p><p>51-52-53 (New Edition).Jafari Propagation Centre.</p><p></p><p>Al Mudarrisi, M. (1995). Imam Mahdi and Faith in Unseen. Tahran: IntisharatMadrasi Publication.</p><p></p><p>Al Najjar, Al-Mustafa (2014, March). Iraqi Author Ahmad Saadawi: The Novel Implicitly Questions</p><p>This Concept of Salvation. Arabic Literature (in English), 26 March 2014.</p><p></p><p>Al-Qarawee, Harith (2014). Reading 'Frankenstein in Baghdad'. Al-Monitor, 18 March 2014,</p><p>https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/iraq- literature-</p><p>address-political-violence.html.</p><p></p><p>Alqumni, S. (1999). Myth and Heritage. (3rd ed.). Cairo: Egyptian Center for heritage Researches.</p><p></p><p>Al Sabbagh, L. (2015, May). Meeting Frankenstein in Baghdad. Shakomako magazine.</p><p>Retrieved from, http://shakomako.net/art/meeting-frankenstein-in- baghdad/.</p><p></p><p>Al Shebeby, J. (2014, August). Search for Identity in an Alternative Space: Baghdad Wonders as</p><p>Practical Sample. Modern Discussion Site. No. 4656 on 12/08/2014. Retrieved from:</p><p>http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=445037,2014.</p><p></p><p>Al Shebeby, J. (2017, April). Identity Problem in Contemporary Iraqi Novel.</p><p>Baghdad, Al Muthaqaf Newspaper: No. 3888.</p><p></p><p>Al Wadhaf, Y. H. (2008). A Post-Colonial Reading of Selected Arabic Novels Translated into English.</p><p>Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Universiti Putra Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Apter, . E. (1989). Fantasy Literature - An Approach to Reality. Baghdad: Alma'amoon</p><p>for Translation and Publication, translated by Sabah Saadoun Al Saadoun,</p><p></p><p>Asquith, Ch. (2003). A New History of Iraq. Retrieved from:</p><p>https://www.theguardian.com/education/2003/nov/25/schools.schoolsworldwi de.</p><p></p><p>Bader, Ali (2016). Alkafira. Milano: Milano: Almutawassit Books.</p><p></p><p>Bakry, Mustafa &Bakry Mahmoud. (2017). Iraq Endless War: From Invasion ToDaesh.</p><p>Cairo, Dar Sama for Publications and Printing,</p><p></p><p>Ballet., (2016, May). A Modern Prometheus. Perspectives. Vol 387. Retrieved from www.thelancet.com.</p><p></p><p>Bible Script. "The Book of Prophet Isaiah". http://biblescript.net.</p><p></p><p>Bible, Isaiah, 11:2. Retrieved from: https://biblehub.com/isaiah/11-2.htm.</p><p></p><p>Becket, S. (2012). Waiting for Godot. (35thEd.). New Delhi: Rama Brothers India PVT. Ltd.</p><p></p><p>Bodansky, Yossef (2004). The Secret history of the Iraq war. USA: Yossef Bodansky.</p><p></p><p>Brooks, M. (2005). Colonial and Postcolonial Identity. Retrieved from:</p><p>http://coursesite.uhcl.edu/hsh/whitec/LITR/5731copo/models/2005/finals/f05b rooks.htm.</p><p></p><p>Byrnes, S. (2012). A Fascinating Tangle of Multiple Identities and Forgotten Histories.</p><p>The Tobacco Keeper by Ali Bader. Sunday 25 2021 at Sholto Byrnes@http://ww.twitter.com/indyvoices</p><p></p><p>Caiani, F.&Cobhan, C. (2003). The Iraqi Novel: key writers, Key Texts. Edinburgh, Edinburgh</p><p>University Press Ltd.</p><p></p><p>Cain, W. E. (2006). Literary Criticism, and Cultural Theory. New York: Taylor & Francis Group.</p><p></p><p>Carus, P. (1915). The Gospel of Buddha Compiled from Ancient Records. Chicago: The Open Court</p><p>Publishing Company.</p><p></p><p>Comorau, A. N. (2009). Postcolonial Refashioning: Reading Forms, Reading Novels.</p><p>USA: University of Maryland.</p><p></p><p>Cordesman, A. H. (2007). "Iraqs Sectarian and Ethnic Violence and the Evolving Insurgency".</p><p>Washington DC, Center for Strategic and International Studies</p><p>Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy.</p><p></p><p>Creswell, J. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods</p><p>Approaches. London: Sage.</p><p></p><p>Davis, E. (2004). "Historical Memory and the Building of Democracy in Iraq".</p><p>Retrieved from: https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/about/newsletter/index.</p><p></p><p>Derawi, A. (2016). Gilgamesh and the Saviour Portrait. Najaf: Institute for Religious and</p><p>Linguistic Studies. Retrieved from: http://ihelrs.org/.</p><p></p><p>Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: America's Most-Trusted Online Dictionary.</p><p>Merriam-Webster. Retrieved fromwww.merriam-webster.com/.</p><p></p><p>Dobie, Ann B. (2015). Theory into Practice: An Introduction to Literary Criticism. (fourth</p><p>Ed.). USA: Cengage Learning.</p><p></p><p>Dobbins, J et al. (2009). Occupying Iraq a history of the coalition provisional authority.</p><p>Santa Monica, RAND Corporation.</p><p></p><p>Davis, Eric. (2004). History Matters: Past as Prologue in Building Democracy in Iraq.</p><p>Elsevier Limited on behalf of Foreign Policy Research Institute.</p><p></p><p>Dewachi, Omar. (2015). " The wounds of Baghdad's Frankenstein". Open Democracy,</p><p>Open Security, Conflict and Peace building. Retrieved from:</p><p>https://www.opendemocracy.net/opensecurity.</p><p></p><p>Easton M.G. (1897). Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Third Edition, published by</p><p>Thomas Nelson, 1897. Public Domain.</p><p></p><p>Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton</p><p></p><p>Fouladi, Sh. (2011)."Super Saviour /Destroyer: Superman, Smallville, and the Superhero</p><p>Genre s Spectre of Monstrosity .A Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation in Visual</p><p>Studies. USA: ProQuest LLC.</p><p></p><p>Gage, J. (2018). Review: Frankenstein in Baghdad. Retrieved from:</p><p>https://www.cemeterydance.com/extras/review-frankenstein-in-baghdad/. Posted</p><p>on October 17, 2018, Cited:20/10/2018.</p><p></p><p>Ghanbari, M.R. (2008)."Comparative Study of the Notion of Waiting for a Saviour in</p><p>Religion and in Waiting for Godot". IDOSI Publications.</p><p></p><p>Glazzard, A. et al (2018). Conflict, Violent Extremism and Development: New Challenges,</p><p>New Responses. London: Palgrave Macmillan.</p><p></p><p>Goldmann, L. (1964). The Hidden God: A Study of Tragic Vision in the Penses of Pascal</p><p>and the Tragedies of Racine.1st Edition. London: Routledge. Retrieved from</p><p>https://www.amazon.com/Hidden-God-Tragic-PensCA9es-</p><p>Tragedies/dp/041582236X.</p><p></p><p>Gritten, D. (2006, February)."Long path to Iraq's sectarian split". British: BBC News.</p><p>Habeeb, K. (2018). "Who would benefit from rewriting history according to</p><p>Saddam Hussein's way?".Modern Discussion, Issue 5911 in 22 June 2018.</p><p>Retrieved from: http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=603128</p><p></p><p>Haghdost, Sayyed Abbas. (1999). Knowing Mahdi (A.S.). Tehran,GolestanKosar Press,</p><p>pp: 40-41.</p><p></p><p>Hamedawi, Shayma (2017). "The Postcolonial Iraqi Novel: Themes and Sources of</p><p>Inspiration". Babel: Retrieved from: https://journals.openedition.org/babel/5043. p.</p><p>211-228.</p><p></p><p>Hamdan, S. (2015). Beautiful Proverbs about Hope. Retrieved from:</p><p>https://mawdoo3.com/.</p><p></p><p>Hanoosh, Y. (2013, April). "Iraq, Ten Years Later: Beyond the Trauma of War: Iraqi</p><p>Literature Today". WORDS without BORDERS.</p><p></p><p>Hassan, A.D. (2017)."Iraq witness unprecedented narrative revolution". Alarab</p><p>Magazine, published in journal Issue No. 10521.</p><p></p><p>Ibrahim, S. (2010). "Civilized Talk: Literature and Arts, Iraqi Contemporary Novel and</p><p>History". Alarab Magazine, published in journal Issue No. 3084.</p><p></p><p>Isakhan, B. &Dawood (2017). "State-Society Relations in Iraq: Negotiating a Contested</p><p>Historiography." In Isakhan, B., Mako, S. &Dawood, F. (Eds.). State and Society</p><p>in Iraq: Citizenship under Occupation, Dictatorship and Democratization. London:</p><p>I.B. Tauris.</p><p></p><p>Izzat,A. (2016). Frankenstein in Baghdad: Structure and Referrals. University of Thi- Qar:</p><p>unpublished Master degree thesis in Arabic Literature.</p><p></p><p>Jani, Bushra J. (2015, April). "Violence as the Abject in Iraqi Literature: Ahmed Saadawis</p><p>Frankenstein in Baghdad and Mary Shelley's Frankenstein". International Journal</p><p>of Humanities and Cultural Studies, Volume 1, Issue 4, 2015, 321-336.</p><p></p><p>Jeffry, B. (1993). "Religious Beliefs of the People". Kuwait, AlamAlmaarifah, National</p><p>Council for Culture, Arts and Literature.</p><p></p><p>Jones, S. (2015). The Mammoth Book of Frankenstein. London: Stephen Jones. Kadim, S.</p><p>M. (2012). Media and the Promised Hope. 3rd edition. Beirut: Alaref for</p><p>Publications.</p><p></p><p>Kafka, F. (2003). Metamorphosis: Complete Works, Translated by Ibrahim Watfi, Vol</p><p>1. Damascus, Dar al Hasad.</p><p></p><p>Kashou, H. (2003). "War and Exile in Contemporary Iraqi Womens Novels". Ohio: A</p><p>Published Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation in the Graduate School of the Ohio</p><p>State University.</p><p></p><p>Kurth, J. (2005). "Ignoring History: U.S. Democratization in the Muslim World".</p><p>Elsevier Limited on behalf of Foreign Policy Research Institute.</p><p></p><p>Lafta, D.G (2013). Fantasy in Iraqi Contemporary Novel. Baghdad: Dar Al Basaer for</p><p>Printing, Publications and distribution.</p><p></p><p>Lindlof, T.R., & Taylor, B.C. (2010). Qualitative Communication Research Methods</p><p>(3rd ed.). California: SAGE.</p><p></p><p>Lindsey, U. (2014). The Novel After the Arab Spring. Retrieved</p><p>from: https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-novel-after-the-arabspring.</p><p></p><p>Mahdi, F. (1981).Search for Saviour: A Contrastive Study Among Eight Religions.</p><p>(1sted.). Baghdad, Dar Ibn Rushd for Publications and Printing.</p><p></p><p>Majd, V. (2003). Moment by Moment Expecting the Advent of Al-Qa'im. Tehran: Naba</p><p>Press.</p><p></p><p>Meslin, M. (2009). For a Science of Religions. UAE: Kalima and Arab Cultural</p><p>Center.</p><p></p><p>Masmoudi, I. (2015). "War and Occupation in Iraqi Fiction". Edinburgh: Edinburgh</p><p>University Press. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt16r0h60.</p><p></p><p>Maye, D. L. (2015). "Switching sides: Political Power, Alignment, and Alliances in Post-</p><p>Saddam Iraq". A Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation in Visual Studies. USA,</p><p>ProQuest LLC.</p><p></p><p>Merriam, Sh. (2009). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation.</p><p>San Francisco, John Wiley & Sons.</p><p></p><p>Mlynxqualey (2011, December). Why Americans Should (or Shouldnt?) Read Ali</p><p>Baders The Tobacco Keeper. Arabic Literature in</p><p>English,https://arablit.org/2011/12/09/why-americans-should-or-shouldnt- readali-</p><p>baders-tobacco-keeper/.</p><p></p><p>Nocks, L. (1998). "The Golem: Between the Technological and the Divine." Journal of</p><p>Social and Evolutionary Systems. N.p., n.d.</p><p></p><p>Omar, M. (2010). Barefoot in Baghdad: A Story of Identity - My Own and What It Means</p><p>to Be a Woman in Chaos. Manal Omar, Sourcebooks, Inc.</p><p>Peck, J. & Coyle, M. (2003). Literary Terms and Criticism. (third ed.). Hampshire:</p><p>John Peck & Martin Coyle, Palgrave MacMillan.</p><p></p><p>Perry, Sarah (2018). "Frankenstein in Baghdad by Ahmed Saadawi review strange,</p><p>violent and wickedly funny". Retrieved from:</p><p>https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/feb/16/frankenstein-in-baghdad-byahmed-</p><p>saadawi-review?CMP=share_btn_tw. Fri 16 Feb 2018.</p><p></p><p>Pessoa, F. (1928). The Tobacco Shop: Peoms collection. trans. Richard Zenith.</p><p>Fernando Pessoa and Co., Grove/Atlantic, 1998. Retrieved from:</p><p>https://www.ronnowpoetry.com/contents/pessoa/TobaccoShop.html.</p><p></p><p>Qidara, A. B. (2012). Al Mahdawiyah Theory in History philosophy. (1st Edition).</p><p>Iran: center Belief Researches.</p><p></p><p>Rabi, U.& Friedman, B. (2017)."Weaponizing Sectarianism in Iraq and Syria.</p><p>Foreign Policy Research Institute by Elsevier Ltd.</p><p></p><p>Ravat, A. (2019). Frankenstein in Baghdad Capturing the dark reality of war with black</p><p>humour. "Frankenstein in Baghdad is set in the aftermath of America's invasion of</p><p>Iraq". The New Arab Book Club. Retrieved from:</p><p>https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/society/2019/1/23/frankenstein-in-baghdadthe-</p><p>line-between-victim-and-villain. Date of publication: 23 January, 2019.</p><p></p><p>Ruocco, M. (2012). An Example of Arabic Musical Fiction: Ali Baders Haris al- tibgh</p><p>(The Tobacco Keeper). in H. Kilpatrick (ed.), Arabic Literature and Music,</p><p>Special Issue of Quaderni di Studi Arabi, n.s. 7</p><p></p><p>Ryan, M. (2012). An Introduction to Criticism: Literature/Film/Culture. UK: Wiley-</p><p>Blackwell Publishing.</p><p></p><p>Saadawi, A. (2013). Frankenstein in Baghdad. Beirut: Dar Al Kamal.</p><p></p><p>Saadawi, A. (2018). Frankenstein in Baghdad. New York: translated by Jonathan Wright,</p><p>Penguin Books.</p><p></p><p>Said, Edward (2001). Bill Ashcroft and Pal Ahluwalia. (ed.). London: Edward Said,</p><p>Routledge Critical Thinkers essential guides for literary studies.</p><p></p><p>Sivia, D.S., & Skilling, J. (2006). Data analysis: a Bayesian tutorial. (2nd ed.). US: Oxford</p><p>University Press.</p><p></p><p>Shaw, W. (2019). Review: Frankenstein in Baghdad'. Retrieved from: The Oxford Culture</p><p>Review on 26 May 2018. Retrieved from:</p><p>https://williamshawwriter.wordpress.com/2018/07/03/review-frankenstein-inbaghdad-</p><p>by-ahmed-saadawi. Cited 27 May 2018</p><p></p><p>Shelley, M. (2012). Frankenstein. Cairo: translated by Nora Abdulla, Faros for publication</p><p>and distribution.</p><p></p><p>Shelley, M. (1992). Frankenstein. London: Penguin Books Ltd.</p><p></p><p>Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. Beirut, Al Maktaba Al Hadissa Publishers, Trans. Zaid</p><p>Majeed Hassan.</p><p></p><p>Sky, E. (2016). The Unraveling: The Big Expectations and lost Chances in Iraq. (1st ed.).</p><p>Beirut: Dar Al Rafidain publication, translated by Qais Qasim.</p><p></p><p>Tripp, Ch. (2007). A History of Iraq. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</p><p>Tyson, L. (2006). Critical Theory Today: A User Friendly Guide. (ed.). New York:</p><p>Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.</p><p></p><p>Thiyab, S. (2014, April). "Transformation of the Iraqi Novel and the Change". Al- Sabah</p><p>Magazine. Retrieved from: www.alsabaah.iq/ArticlePrint.aspx?ID=68596.</p><p>The Qur'an (2002), Trans. by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. London: Divine Islam Jamal al Nasir,</p><p>Al-Qalam 68:4.</p><p></p><p>Van Esch, et al (2017). "Religious Cognition in Social Marketing Campaigns: Saviour</p><p>orPariah?". Review of European Studies; Vol. 9, No. 1. Retrieved from</p><p>http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v9n1p74.</p><p></p><p>Wall, P. (2018). In Frankenstein in Baghdad, a Fantastical Manifestation of Wars</p><p>Cruelties by Dwight Garner Jan. 22, 2018. Retrieved from: Twitter:</p><p>@DwightGarner.</p><p></p><p>Watt, S. (2019). Frankenstein in Baghdad by Ahmed Saadawi, Translated by Jonathan</p><p>Wright. A Review issued 28 January 2019. Retrieved from:</p><p>http://strangehorizons.com/non-fiction/reviews/frankenstein-in-baghdad-byahmed-</p><p>saadawi-translated-by-jonathan-wright/</p><p></p><p>Wehrey, F. M. (2014). Sectarian Politics in The Gulf: From The Iraq War To The Arab</p><p>Uprising. Columbia: Columbia University Press.</p><p></p><p>Weiss, M. & Hassan H. (2015). Isis: Inside the Army of Terror. New York: Regan Arts.</p><p></p><p>Whipple, M. (2012, April). [Review of the book Ali Bader- The Tobacco Keeper].</p><p>Retrieved from http://marywhipplereviews.com/ali-bader-the-tobacco-keeperiraq/.</p><p></p><p>Wright, D. (2010). Why Do We Need a Savior?</p><p>Retrieved from: https://answersingenesis.org/answers/biblical-authoritydevotional/</p><p>why-do- we-need-a-savior/</p><p></p>