The development and validation of adventure based mental toughness inventory (AbMTI) for adventure based program in Malaysia
<p>Since the turn of the 21st century, recent research has demonstrated that adventurebased</p><p>programs are linked to positive psychological outcomes, including mental</p><p>toughness. However, there are very limited studies co...
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| Format: | thesis |
| Language: | eng |
| Published: |
2022
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9299 |
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| Summary: | <p>Since the turn of the 21st century, recent research has demonstrated that adventurebased</p><p>programs are linked to positive psychological outcomes, including mental</p><p>toughness. However, there are very limited studies conducted on how to design a</p><p>specific instrument and model of the adventure-based mental toughness program.</p><p>There are three primary objectives of study as follows: 1) determine whether there is a</p><p>significant need to develop an Adventure-based Mental Toughness Inventory (AbMTI);</p><p>2) to validate the consensus on the development of AbMTI; and 3) to validate the</p><p>AbMTI and Adventure-based Mental Toughness Model (AbMTM). The study is based</p><p>on the modified Development and Design Research (DDR). There were total of 507</p><p>participants in the study who participated in an adventure-based programs. The</p><p>statistical tools IBM Statistics (SPSS) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) were</p><p>used as the primary statistical tools in this study. The findings of the study significantly</p><p>validated the development of AbMTI and AbMTM. The study provides a foundation</p><p>on which to build coherent and systematic scholarly work to linked adventure-based</p><p>program and mental toughness. The study findings, methodology, the conceptual</p><p>model, and the set of discussion can guide subsequent research.</p> |
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