Penerokaan Kemahiran Proses Sains Asas dan elemen STEM dalam kalangan kanak-kanak Prasekolah menerusi Pendekatan Projek
<p>Kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk meneroka Kemahiran Proses Sains Asas (KPSA)</p><p>dan elemen STEM dalam kalangan kanak-kanak Prasekolah menerusi Pendekatan</p><p>Projek. Kajian ini dijalankan di Tadika di negeri Perak secara...
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | thesis |
| Language: | zsm |
| Published: |
2022
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9748 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| id |
oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:9748 |
|---|---|
| record_format |
uketd_dc |
| institution |
Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
| collection |
UPSI Digital Repository |
| language |
zsm |
| topic |
LB Theory and practice of education |
| spellingShingle |
LB Theory and practice of education Khusnidar Muhammad Daud Penerokaan Kemahiran Proses Sains Asas dan elemen STEM dalam kalangan kanak-kanak Prasekolah menerusi Pendekatan Projek |
| description |
<p>Kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk meneroka Kemahiran Proses Sains Asas (KPSA)</p><p>dan elemen STEM dalam kalangan kanak-kanak Prasekolah menerusi Pendekatan</p><p>Projek. Kajian ini dijalankan di Tadika di negeri Perak secara kualitatif menggunakan</p><p>reka bentuk kajian pelbagai kes. Sampel kajian melibatkan 15 orang kanak-kanak, dua</p><p>orang pendidik serta lima orang ibu bapa. Data kajian diperolehi daripada hasil</p><p>triangulasi pelbagai sumber data iaitu pemerhatian, temubual separa berstruktur dan</p><p>analisis dokumen yang dianalisis dengan kaedah analisis naratif dan kandungan</p><p>berdasarkan kepada tema. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa kanak-kanak telah</p><p>menguasai keseluruhan KPSA dan dua Kemahiran Proses Sains Bersepadu (KPSB).</p><p>Aspek elemen STEM yang dikuasai pula adalah pelbagai pengetahuan sains, kemahiran</p><p>saintifik dan spatial serta nilai. Semasa pelaksanaan, pendidik menghadapi beberapa</p><p>cabaran di antaranya kekurangan dari segi alat untuk menjalankan sesuatu aktiviti,</p><p>pengetahuan pedagogi pendidik dalam konteks pengajaran topik sains, aras</p><p>pengetahuan kanak-kanak dan ibu bapa serta persepsi ibu bapa terhadap aktiviti</p><p>penyiasatan. Dapatan kajian juga mendapati penggabungjalinan enam tunjang dalam</p><p>KSPK telahpun wujud semasa proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Penglibatan ibu</p><p>bapa pula berlaku melalui kerjasama yang sangat baik dengan pihak sekolah, terutama</p><p>menerusi perkongsian kepakaran ilmu serta penyediaan alat untuk aktiviti penyiasatan.</p><p>Di samping itu, kajian ini turut menghasilkan sebuah kerangka penghasilan projek bagi</p><p>memudahkan pendidik dalam memahami urutan penghasilan sesebuah projek kanakkanak.</p><p>Kesimpulannya, hasil kajian dapat digunakan sebagai panduan bagi semua pihak</p><p>yang bertanggung jawab untuk memperkembangkan kemahiran kanak-kanak dalam</p><p>pelbagai aspek sehingga menjadikan mereka generasi yang mampu bersaing dalam apa</p><p>jua cabaran di masa hadapan. Implikasi dari kajian ialah kanak-kanak merupakan</p><p>inisiator dalam menentukan arah pembelajaran mereka dan pendidik bertindak sebagai</p><p>fasilitator sahaja. Menerusi Pendekatan Projek ini, pendidik diharapkan dapat</p><p>menjalankan amalan pembelajaran mengikut inisiatif kanak-kanak untuk meningkatkan</p><p>kebolehannya dalam berfikir dan memperolehi pengetahuan dan pengalaman baharu.</p> |
| format |
thesis |
| qualification_name |
|
| qualification_level |
Doctorate |
| author |
Khusnidar Muhammad Daud |
| author_facet |
Khusnidar Muhammad Daud |
| author_sort |
Khusnidar Muhammad Daud |
| title |
Penerokaan Kemahiran Proses Sains Asas dan elemen STEM dalam kalangan kanak-kanak Prasekolah menerusi Pendekatan Projek |
| title_short |
Penerokaan Kemahiran Proses Sains Asas dan elemen STEM dalam kalangan kanak-kanak Prasekolah menerusi Pendekatan Projek |
| title_full |
Penerokaan Kemahiran Proses Sains Asas dan elemen STEM dalam kalangan kanak-kanak Prasekolah menerusi Pendekatan Projek |
| title_fullStr |
Penerokaan Kemahiran Proses Sains Asas dan elemen STEM dalam kalangan kanak-kanak Prasekolah menerusi Pendekatan Projek |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Penerokaan Kemahiran Proses Sains Asas dan elemen STEM dalam kalangan kanak-kanak Prasekolah menerusi Pendekatan Projek |
| title_sort |
penerokaan kemahiran proses sains asas dan elemen stem dalam kalangan kanak-kanak prasekolah menerusi pendekatan projek |
| granting_institution |
Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
| granting_department |
Pusat Penyelidikan Perkembangan Kanak-kanak Negara |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| url |
https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9748 |
| _version_ |
1794025738508173312 |
| spelling |
oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:97482023-12-08 Penerokaan Kemahiran Proses Sains Asas dan elemen STEM dalam kalangan kanak-kanak Prasekolah menerusi Pendekatan Projek 2022 Khusnidar Muhammad Daud LB Theory and practice of education <p>Kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk meneroka Kemahiran Proses Sains Asas (KPSA)</p><p>dan elemen STEM dalam kalangan kanak-kanak Prasekolah menerusi Pendekatan</p><p>Projek. Kajian ini dijalankan di Tadika di negeri Perak secara kualitatif menggunakan</p><p>reka bentuk kajian pelbagai kes. Sampel kajian melibatkan 15 orang kanak-kanak, dua</p><p>orang pendidik serta lima orang ibu bapa. Data kajian diperolehi daripada hasil</p><p>triangulasi pelbagai sumber data iaitu pemerhatian, temubual separa berstruktur dan</p><p>analisis dokumen yang dianalisis dengan kaedah analisis naratif dan kandungan</p><p>berdasarkan kepada tema. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa kanak-kanak telah</p><p>menguasai keseluruhan KPSA dan dua Kemahiran Proses Sains Bersepadu (KPSB).</p><p>Aspek elemen STEM yang dikuasai pula adalah pelbagai pengetahuan sains, kemahiran</p><p>saintifik dan spatial serta nilai. Semasa pelaksanaan, pendidik menghadapi beberapa</p><p>cabaran di antaranya kekurangan dari segi alat untuk menjalankan sesuatu aktiviti,</p><p>pengetahuan pedagogi pendidik dalam konteks pengajaran topik sains, aras</p><p>pengetahuan kanak-kanak dan ibu bapa serta persepsi ibu bapa terhadap aktiviti</p><p>penyiasatan. Dapatan kajian juga mendapati penggabungjalinan enam tunjang dalam</p><p>KSPK telahpun wujud semasa proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Penglibatan ibu</p><p>bapa pula berlaku melalui kerjasama yang sangat baik dengan pihak sekolah, terutama</p><p>menerusi perkongsian kepakaran ilmu serta penyediaan alat untuk aktiviti penyiasatan.</p><p>Di samping itu, kajian ini turut menghasilkan sebuah kerangka penghasilan projek bagi</p><p>memudahkan pendidik dalam memahami urutan penghasilan sesebuah projek kanakkanak.</p><p>Kesimpulannya, hasil kajian dapat digunakan sebagai panduan bagi semua pihak</p><p>yang bertanggung jawab untuk memperkembangkan kemahiran kanak-kanak dalam</p><p>pelbagai aspek sehingga menjadikan mereka generasi yang mampu bersaing dalam apa</p><p>jua cabaran di masa hadapan. Implikasi dari kajian ialah kanak-kanak merupakan</p><p>inisiator dalam menentukan arah pembelajaran mereka dan pendidik bertindak sebagai</p><p>fasilitator sahaja. Menerusi Pendekatan Projek ini, pendidik diharapkan dapat</p><p>menjalankan amalan pembelajaran mengikut inisiatif kanak-kanak untuk meningkatkan</p><p>kebolehannya dalam berfikir dan memperolehi pengetahuan dan pengalaman baharu.</p> 2022 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9748 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=9748 text zsm closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Pusat Penyelidikan Perkembangan Kanak-kanak Negara <p>Abdul Halim Bin Masnan. (2014). Amalan Pedagogi Guru Prasekolah Permulaan. UniversitiSains Malaysia</p><p>Aghayan, C., Schellhaas, A., Wayne, A., Burts,D.C., Buchanan, T. K., &Benedict,J. (2005). Project Katrina. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 7(2),n2.</p><p>Ahmad, Khalidah and Sidin & Zaitun. (2002). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keberkesanan penerapan kemahiran proses sains: Amalannya di kalangan guru-guru sains di daerah Pontian (Doctoraldissertation,Universiti Teknologi Malaysia).</p><p>Aini Aziziah Ramli, Nor Hasniza Ibrahim, Johari Bin Surif, Muhammad Abd Hadi Bunyamin, Rahimah Jamaluddin & Nurdiana Abdullah. (2017). Teachers' readiness in teaching stem education. ManinIndia,97(13). pp.343-350.ISSN 0025-1569</p><p>Aldemir, J., & Kermani, H. (2017). Integrated STEM curriculum: improving educational outcomes for Head Start children. Early Child Development and Care, 187(11),1694-1706.</p><p>Alimisis, D., Moro, M., Arlegui, J., Pina, A., Frangou, S., & Papanikolaou, K. (2007, August). Robotics & constructivism in education: The TERECoP project. In EuroLogo (Vol. 40, pp.19-24).</p><p>AminahAyob,Mohd NasirIbrahim,Ong Eng Tek,MazlinaAdnan&JameyahSheriff. (2017a). Buku panduan projek PIL CERDAS STEM untuk prasekolah, tadika &taska. (Cet. I). Al-AmeenServeHoldingsSdn.Bhd: KualaLumpur,Malaysia.</p><p>Aminah Ayob, Mohd Nasir Ibrahim, Ong E. T. & Mazlina Adnan. (2017b). Modul latihan pendidikPILCERDASSTEMTM untuk prasekolah, tadika&taska. (Cet. 1). Al-AmeenServe HoldingsSdn. Bhd: KualaLumpur, Malaysia.</p><p>Aminah Ayob, Mohd Nasir Ibrahim, Ong E. T., Mazlina Adnan, Noriah Ishak & Jameyah Sheriff. (2015). Laporan kajian STEM untuk permata negara. Bahagianpermata, JabatanPerdanaMenteriMalaysia.</p><p>Anderman,E. M., Sinatra,G. M.,&Gray,D.L. (2012).Thechallengesofteaching and learning about science in the twenty-first century: Exploring the abilities and constraintsofadolescent learners. Studies in Science Education, 48(1),89-117.</p><p>Ango, M. (2002). Mastery of science process skills and their effective use in the teaching ofscience: AneducologyofscienceeducationintheNigeriancontext. International Journal of Educology, 16(1), 11-30 (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED. Retrieved Oktober 2009, 5, from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sq/content_storage?01/0000019b/80/27/fb/49.pdf.</p><p>Aslan, S., Ertas-Kilic, H., & Kilic, D. (2016). Bilimsel Sre Becerileri [Science Process Skills]. Ankara: PegemAkademi.</p><p>Aydogdu,B.,Erkol,M.,&Erten,N.(2014). Theinvestigationofscienceprocessskills of elementary school teachers in terms of some variables: Perspectives from Turkey.In Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching (Vol.15,No. 1, pp. 1-28). The Education University of Hong Kong, Department of Science and EnvironmentalStudies.</p><p>Aydogdu, B. (2015). The investigation ofscience process skills ofscience teachers in termsofsome variables. Educational Research and Reviews, 10(5), 582.</p><p>Azizah Zain. (2015). Pelaksanaan modul projek penyiasatan dalam meningkatkan komunlkasi dan kemahlran sosial kanak-kanak prasekolah (Doctoral dissertation tidak diterbitkan). UniversitiPendidikanSultanIdris).</p><p>Azizah Zain., Zahara Osman & Halim Masnan. (2017). Pelaksanaan modul projek penyiasatan dalam meningkatkan komunikasi kanak-kanak prasekolah. Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. Diperolehi pada: 26 September 2017 melalui: https://seminarserantau2017.files.wordpress.com/2017/09/32-azizahzain.pdf</p><p>Azlina Amat Yasin, Rohaida Masri, Mazlini Adnan & Fadzil Mohamed. (2021). Pembangunan Model Pedagogi STEM Matematik berasaskan nilai dan akhlak di sekolah rendah: Satu analisis keperluan. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Dan Matematik Malaysia, 11,40-49.</p><p>Bachman, J. (2011). STEMlearning activityamong home-educating families.</p><p>Bagiati, A.(2011).EarlyEngineering: ADevelopmentallyAppropriateCurriculumfor Young Children. Doctoral Dissertation, School of Engineering Education, PurdueUniversity.</p><p>Bagiati, A., & Evangelou, D. (2015). Engineering curriculum in the preschool classroom: the teacher's experience. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 23(1),112-128.</p><p>Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum [BPK]. (2012). Modul kemahiran proses sains: Dunia Sains dan Teknologi Tahun 3. Putrajaya: Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia.</p><p>BalakrishnanMuniandy, RossafriMohamad, Fong, S.F. &RozhanMohammed Idrus. (2009). Technology application in project-based learning. Journal of Communication and Computer, 6(12), 74-84.</p><p>Barakos, L., Lujan, V. & Strang, C. (2012). Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM): Catalyzing change amid the confusion. Portsmouth,NH: RMCResearchCorporation, Center onInstruction.</p><p>Bati,K. &Kaptan,F. (2013). Theeffectsofscienceeducationbased onscienceprocess skills on scientific problem solving (Bilimsel sre becerilerine dayali ilkgretim fen egitiminin, bilimsel problem zme becerilerine etkisi). ElementaryEducationOnline, 12(2),512-527.</p><p>Bell, S. (2010). Project-based learning for the 21st century: Skills for the future. The Clearing House, 83(2),39-43.</p><p>Beneke, S. (1998). Rearview Mirror: Reflection on a Preschool Car Project. Washington: Office ofEducationalResearchand Improvement.</p><p>Beneke, S. (2000). Implementing the Project Approach in Part-Time Early Childhood Educatio Programs. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 2(1), n1.</p><p>Beneke, S.J.,& Ostrsky, M.(2009).Teachers Views OfThe EfficacyOf Incorporating The Project approach Into classroom Practice With Diverse Learners. Early Childhood Research and Practice. Diperolehi daripada http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v11n1/ostrosky.html</p><p>Bers, M.U.(2008). Blocks, robots and computers: Learning about technology in early childhood.I NewYork: TeachersCollege Press.</p><p>Bintang Rumondang Simbolon. (2010). Paket Materi Pembelajaran Inkuiri Dalam Pendidikan Lingkungan Hidup Untuk Meningkatkan Perilaku Berwawasan Lingkungan Siswa SD Di Jakarta. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Lingkungan dan Pembangunan, 11(2),1-20.</p><p>BlackburnB. R (2017). Rigor indifferentiated classroom: Making sureeachstudent is learning at a high level. Ed Circuit. Diperolehi daripada http://www.edcircuit.com/rigor-differentiated-classroom/</p><p>Blake,J. (1999). Overcoming thevalue-actiongapinenvironmentalpolicy: Tensions between national policy and local experience. Local environment, 4(3), 257278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839908725599.</p><p>Blank, J., Damjanovic, V., Da Silva, A. P. P., & Weber, S. (2014). Authenticity and standing out: situating the Project Approach in contemporary early schooling. Early Childhood Education Journal, 42(1),19-27.</p><p>Blumenfeld, P. C.,Soloway, E., Marx, R. W., Krajcik, J. S., Guzdial, M., &Palincsar, A. (1991). Motivating project-based learning: Sustaining the doing, supporting thelearning. Educational psychologist, 26(3-4),369-398.</p><p>Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S.K. (2007). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theories and methods. Bostan: Pearson.</p><p>Boston Childrens Museum. (2013). STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering & Math) SproutsTeaching Guide. Boston, MA.</p><p>Bowen, R. M., Gulari, E., Abbott, M. R., Arvizu, D. E., Bassler, B. L., Benbow, C. P., ... &Griffiths, J. M. NATIONALSCIENCE BOARD.</p><p>Breiner, J. M., Harkness, S. S., Johnson, C. C., & Koehler, C. M. (2012). What is STEM?Adiscussionabout conceptionsofSTEMineducationand partnerships. School Science and Mathematics, 112(1), 3-11. doi: 10.1111/j.19498594.2011.00109.x.</p><p>Brenneman, K., Gelman, R., Massey, C., Roth, Z., Nayfeld, I., & Downs, L. (2007). Preschool pathways to science: Assessing and fostering scientific reasoning in preschoolers. Santa Fe, NM: Presentation at the biennial meeting of the CognitiveDevelopment Society.</p><p>Brown, R., Brown, J., Reardon, K., & Merrill, C. (2011). Understanding STEM: Current perceptions.Technology and Engineering Teacher, 70(1), 5-9. Retrieved from http://www.iteaconnect.org/ Publications/ TTTarticleindex13.htm.</p><p>Bryman, A. (2006). Integrating quantitative and qualitativeresearch: How is it done?. Qualitative Research, 6,97-113.</p><p>Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods (4thed.),379-414.United States: Oxford UniversityPress.</p><p>Bryson, E. (1994). Will a Project Approach to Learning Provide Children Opportunities To Do Purposeful Reading and Writing, as Well as Provide Opportunities for AuthenticLearning in Other Curriculum Areas? Urbana, IL: ERIC Clearinghouse onElementaryand Early Childhood. Diperolehi daripada http://eric.ed.gov/?id (ED392513)</p><p>Burke SA (1996). Teacher preferences for teaching problem solving and science process skills. M. S. dissertation, Texas Womans University, United States. ProQuest Dissertationand Theses;1996;18.06.2013.</p><p>Bybee, R.W. (2010a). What is STEM Education? Science, 329(5995), 996-996. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/329/5995/996.full</p><p>Bybee, R. W. (2010b). Advancing STEM education: A 2020 vision. Technology and Engineering Teacher, 70(1), 30-35. Diperolehi daripada https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ898909</p><p>Bybee, R. W. (2013). The case for STEM education: Challenges and opportunities. NSTApress. Diperolehidari pada http://static.nsta.org/files/PB337Xweb.pdf</p><p>Cabuk, B., & Haktanir, G. (2010). What should be learned in Kindergarten?Aproject approachexample. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Science, 2(2),2550-2555.</p><p>Celik, P. (2013). Probleme Dayali grenmenin gretmen Adaylarinin Fizik Dersi Basarisi, grenme Yaklasimlari Ve Bilimsel Sre Becerileri zerindeki Etkisi [The Effect Of Problem Based Learning On Pre-Service Teachers' Physics Course Achievement, Learning Approaches And Science Process Skills] (Tesis DoktorFalsafahtidak diterbitkan). DokuzEyllUniversity, Izmir).</p><p>Chard, S. C. (1999). Fromthemesto projects. Early Childhood Research and Practise (Volume 15 Number 1). Retrived fromhttp://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v1n1/chard.html.</p><p>Chard, S. C. (2000). The challenges and the rewards: A Study of the Teachers Undertaking Their First Project. Proceedings of the Lilian Katz Symposium (Champaign,IL, Nov. 5-7, 2000).</p><p>Chard, S. C. (2012). Engaging Childrens Hearts and Minds. Teaching and Learning with the Project. New York:Teacher College Press.</p><p>Chard, S. C. (2013). The Project Approach to Teaching and Learning. New York: Teacher College Press.</p><p>Chard, S. C. (2013). Resources for Early Childhood Educators Collage [Peer Commentary on the paper The Project Approach to Teaching and Learning Diperolehi dari http://www.communityplaythings.com/resources/collage/theproject-approach-to-learning</p><p>Chard, S. C. (2016). The Project Approach and STEM: A Powerful Combination. Community Playthings. Diperoleh atas talian: http://www.communityplaythings.com/resources/articles/2016/the-projectapproach-and-stem <31 Mei2017></p><p>Chard, S. C. Diperoleh atas talian: http://ecap.crc.illinois.edu/pubs/projcat4/section2/chard.pdf</p><p>Chard, S. C. (t.t). The Story of a Project. The Emerson School. University of Alberta, CA. Diperoleh atas talian: http://www.emersonschool.org/documents/Emerson_CaseStudy.pdf </p><p>Charlesworth, R.,&Lind, K. K. (2010). Math and science for young children (6th ed.). United StateofAmerica: WadsworthCengage Learning.</p><p>CheeH.N. &MAdnan. (2018,January). Integrating STEMeducationthroughProject-Based Inquiry Learning (PIL) in topic space among year one pupils. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 296, No. 1, p. 012020). IOP Publishing.</p><p>Chesloff,J. D.(2013).STEMeducationmuststartinearlychildhood. Education Week, 32(23),27-32.</p><p>Chew Bee Gek. (2017). Pengetahuan dan pengaplikasian kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi dalam kalangan guru teknik dan vokasional (Doctoral dissertation tidak diterbitkan). UniversitiTunHusseinOnnMalaysia.</p><p>Christensen, J. (2011, November 13). Ramaley coined STEM term now used nationwide. Winona Daily News. Retrieved from http://www.winonadailynews.com/news/local/ramaley-coined-stem-term-nowused-nationwide/article_457afe3e-0db3-11e1-abe0-001cc4c03286.html</p><p>Chua Yan Piaw. (2006). Kaedah Penyelidikan. University Putra Malaysia: McGraw HillEducation.</p><p>Chun, E. J., Hertzog, N. B., Gaffney, J. S., & Dymond, S. K. (2012). When service learning meets the project approach: Incorporating service learning in an early childhoodprogram. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 10(3), 232-245.</p><p>Clark, A. M. (2006). Changing Classroom Practice to Include the Project Approach. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 8(2), n2.</p><p>Cohen,L.,Manion,L. &Morrison,K. (2003). Research methods in education. (5thed.). New York, NY:RoutledgeFalmer</p><p>Colley, H. (2006). Learning to labour with feeling: Class, gender and emotion in childcare education and training. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 7(1),15-29.</p><p>ConnieCassyOmpok,Ling MeiTeng &JainiSapirai. (2021).EffectofGamestowards Children's Mathematics Performance. Southeast Asia Early Childhood, 10(1), 1-17.</p><p>Connie Shin@Connie Cassy Ompok & Juppri Bacotang. (2019). Kesan kaedah mengajar terhadap pencapaian awal matematik dalam kalangan kanak-kanak prasekolah. Jurnal Pendidikan Awal Kanak-kanak Kebangsaan, 8, 8-16.</p><p>Cooper, D. R. & Schindler, P. S. (2006). Business research methods. (9th ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill.</p><p>Crabtree, B.F., & Miller, W.L. (Eds) (1992). Doing qualitative research. 3. London. SagePublisher.</p><p>Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</p><p>Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Chosing among five approaches (2nd ed.).Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</p><p>Creswell, J. W., Hanson, W. E., Clark Plano, V. L., &Morales, A. (2007). Qualitative research designs: Selection and implementation. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(2),236-264.</p><p>Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Diperoleh atas talian: https://books.google.com.my/books?hl=en&lr=&id=EbogAQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Creswell+2013+research+design+qualitative+quantitative&ots=cajQpOOzx6&sig=EKj8osPkJjwYaeHnPgfdkA5MCI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Creswell%202013%20research%20design%20qualitative%20quantitative&f=true<29 Mei2017></p><p>Creswell, J. W. (2014). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research (4thed.). Boston: Pearson.</p><p>Cristenson,J.(2011,November13).Ramaleycoined STEMtermnow used nationwide. Diperolehi daripada https://www.winonadailynews.com/news/local/ramaleycoined-stem-term-now-used-nationwide/article_457afe3e-0db3-11e1-abe0001cc4c03286.html</p><p>Cunha, F. & Heckman, J. (2007). The technology of skill formation. American Economic Review, 97(2),31-47.4</p><p>CurriculumDevelopment Centre. (2006). Integrated curriculum for secondary school: Curriculum specifications science Form 2. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of EducationMalaysia.</p><p>Cutler, M. (2004). Exploring science locally and sharing insights globally. School Science Review, 86(314), 33.</p><p>Dahar, R.W. (1996). Teori-teori belajar. Jakarta: Erlangga.</p><p>Danyl, D., Sebest, H., Thompson, A., & Young, L. (2002). The Apple Project. Early Childhood Researc and Practice, 4(2),n2.</p><p>Dare, E. A., Ellis, J. A., & Roehrig, G. H. (2018). Understanding science teachers implementations of integrated STEM curricular units through a phenomenological multiple case study. International Journal of STEM Education, 5(1), 4. Diperolehi daripada https://stemeducationjournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40594-0180101-z</p><p>Denzin, K. N., & Lincoln, S. Y. (2000). Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.). London: SAGE.</p><p>Deslandes, R., Royer, E., Turcotte, D., & Bertrand, R. (1997). School achievement at the secondary level: influence of parenting style and parent involvement in schooling. McGill Journal Education, 32, 191-208.</p><p>Deslandes,R. &Bertrand,R.(2005).MotivationofPaarentInvolvementinSecondary-Level Schooling. The Journal of Educational Research, 98(3), 164-175. http://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.98.3.164-175</p><p>Dickinson, D.K., &Porche, M. V. (2011). Realationbetween language experiences in preschoolclassroomand childrenskindergartenand fourth-gradelanguageand reading abilities. Child Development, 82(3), 870-886. Diperolehi daripada: hhtp://dx.doi.org 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01576.x.</p><p>DimyatidanMujono. (2009). Belajar dan pembelajaran. Jakarta:Rineka Cipta</p><p>Discher, A.P. (2010). Creativity, curiosty and courtessy; Activities that build foundation for success. U.S.A: SAGE LTD.</p><p>DonnelleySmith, A. R. (2018). Self-EfficacyofEarlyChildhoodTeachers inScience, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.</p><p>Duruk, U., Akgn, A., Dogan, C., & Glsuyu, F. (2017). Examining the Learning Outcomes Included in the Turkish Science Curriculum in Terms of Science classroom (10th ed). New York: Prentice Hall.Process Skills: A Document Analysis with Standards-Based Assessment. International Journal Of Environmental and Science Education, 12(2), 117-142.</p><p>Eggen, P.D., & Kauchak, D. P. (2015). Educational psychology: Windows on</p><p>English, L. D. (2016). STEM education K-12: perspectives on integration. International Journal of STEM Education, 3(1),3.</p><p>Englund, M. M., Luckner, A. E., Whaley, G. J. L. & Egeland, B. (2004). Childrens achievement in Early Elementary School: Longitudinal Effects of Parental Involvement, Expectation, and Quality of Assistance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(4), 723-730.</p><p>Ergler, C. R. (2017). Advocating for a more relational and dynamic model of participation for child researchers. Social Inclusion, 5(3), 240-250. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i3.966</p><p>Fajar Suryawan. (2008). Teori belajar. Makalah FKIP, Universitas Negeri Surakarta. Diperolehi dari http://www.fajarss.blog.uns.ac.id/files/2010/04/teoribelajar.pdf(Aksespada 15 Mac 2018).</p><p>Falsafah Pendidikan Negara. Diperoleh atas talian: http://web.jiaozong.org.my/doc/2009/rnr/edu_law/falsafah_pendidikan_negara .pdf </p><p>FatinAliah Phang, Mohd Salleh Abu, Mohammad Bilal Ali& Salmiza Salleh. (2014). Faktorpenyumbang kepadakemerosotanpenyertaanpelajardalamaliransains: satu analisissorotantesis. Sains Humanika, 2(4).</p><p>Filzatun Nur Ismadi, Gunawathy Raman & Saturia Amiruddin. (2021). BSTEM sebagai Alat Bantuan Pembelajaran Kanak-Kanak Prasekolah: Kerangka Konseptual. Selangor Humaniora Review, 5(1),291-302.</p><p>Flick, U. (2014). An Introduction to Qualitative Research (5th ed.). London: SAGE. ISBN 97-1-4462-6778-3.</p><p>Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative inquiry, 12(2), 219-245. Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-studyresearch. Qualitative inquiry, 12(2),219-245.</p><p>French, L. (2004). Science as the center of a coherent, integrated early childhood curriculum. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 19(1),138-149.</p><p>Fayez, M., Sabah, S. A., & Oliemat, E. (2011). Jordanian early childhood teachers perspectives toward science teaching and learning. International Research in Early Childhood Education, 2(1), 76-95.</p><p>Fazilah Razali, Othman Talib, Umi Kalthom Abdul Manaf dan Siti Aishah Hassan. (2017). A Measure of Students Motivation, Attitude and Parental Influence towardsInterest inSTEMCareer among MalaysianFormFour ScienceStream Student.</p><p>Fox, L. (2015). How Waldorf early educators teach parents to parent their children during the first seven years (Doctoral dissertation, California Institute of IntegralStudies).</p><p>Frowe, I. (2001) Language and Educational Research, Journal of Philosophy of Education, 35.2,pp.175 86.</p><p>Gallick, B. (2000). The Hairy Head Project. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 2(2), 029-032. Diperolehi daripada: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED446877.pdf</p><p>Gatot Muhsetyo, Elang Krisnadi, Karso, M., Endang Wahyuningrum, Tarhadi & Djamus Widagdo. (2014). Pembelajaran matematika SD. Diperolehi pada 14 Mac2018.daripada http://repository.ut.ac.id/4137/1/PDGK4406-M1.pdf.</p><p>Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E., & Airasian, P. (2006). Education Research. (8th ed). Upper SaddleRiver, NJ: Pearson.</p><p>Gensemer, A. (2016). Using science techbook to support great STEM education. Diperolehi daripada http://blog.discoveryeducation.com/blog/2016/11/03/4elements-of-great-stem-education/</p><p>Gerde, H. K., Schachter, R. E., & Wasik, B. A. (2013). Using the scientific method to guide learning: An integrated approach to early childhood curriculum. Early Childhood Education Journal, 41(5), 315-323 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-013-0579-4</p><p>Ghazali Darusalam & Sufean Hussin. (2016). Metodelogi penyelidikan dalam pendidikan: Amalan dan analisis kajian. Kuala Lumpur: UniversitiMalaya.</p><p>Gillham, B. (2000). Case study research method. Padstow, UK: TJInternational.</p><p>Grbich, C. (2007). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Introduction. London: Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.</p><p>Grice, G. L., & Skinner, J. F. (2013). Mastering public speaking (8th ed.). Pearson Higher Ed.</p><p>Griebling, S. (2009). Design For making Tree: An Ethnographic Study Of Young Children,s Work In The Visual Arts. Diperolehi daripada Disertasi dan Tesis Proquest.</p><p>Griebling, S., Elgas, P., & Konerman, R. (2015). " Trees and Things That Live in Trees": Three Children with Special Needs Experience the Project Approach. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 17(1),n1.</p><p>Ha, Y. L. (2010). A Valuable Experience for Children: The Dim Sum and Chinese Restaurant Project. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 12(1),n1.</p><p>Hanushek,E. A.,Kain,J. F.,&Rivkin,S. G. (2004). Whypublicschoolsloseteachers. JournalofHumanResources, 39(2),326354</p><p>Hanushek,E. A.,&Rivkin,S. G.(2007). Pay,working conditions,and teacherquality. The future of children,69-86.</p><p>Hakema,R. (1999). Theschoolbusproject. Early Childhood Researc & Practice, 1(2), 47.</p><p>Hart,R.A.(2013).Children's participation: The theory and practice of involving young citizens in community development and environmental care. UNICEF, New York:Routledge.</p><p>Hasnoni Hasim. (2018). Kesan modul pengajaran sains awal kanak-kanak berdasarkan pendekatan projek terhadap kemahiran berkomunikasi dan mengelaskanak-kanak prasekolah. In iCompEx18 Pembentangan Kertas Penyelidikan Akademik</p><p>Hazlina Awang Lah & Azman Mohamad Nor. (2016). Siswa pendidik PPISMP pendidikan awal kanak-kanak sebagai pereka bentuk Koswer Multimedia? : Satu analisis awal berasaskan kemahiran pembelajaran abad ke 21. Prosiding Seminar Penyelidikan Tindakan Pendidik Guru 2016.</p><p>Head, B. W. (2011). Why not ask them? Mapping and promoting youth participation. Children and Youth services review, 33(4), 541-547.</p><p>Helm, J. H., & Katz. L. G. (2001). Young Investigators: The project approach in the earlyyears. New York, NY:TeachersCollege Press.</p><p>Helm, J. H. & Beneke, S. (2003). The power of project: Meeting contemporary challenges in early childhood classroom strategies and solution. Teacher College: Columbia University. London.</p><p>Helm, J. H., & Katz. L. G. (2011). Young Investigators: The project approach in the earlyyears. New York, NY:TeachersCollege Press.</p><p>Helm, J. H & Katz, L. G. (2015). Becoming young thinkers: Deep project work in the classroom. Teacher CollegePress.</p><p>Herro, D., Quigley, C., & Cian, H. (2019). The challenges of STEAM instruction: Lessons fromthe field. Action in Teacher Education, 41(2),172-190.</p><p>Hidayah Mohd Fadzil & Rohaida Mohd Saat. (2014). Enhancing STEM Education during School Transition: Bridging the Gap in Science Manipulative Skills. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 10(3).</p><p>Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (2004). Problem-based learning: What and how do students learn? Educational Psychology Review, 16(3), 235266.</p><p>Houtenville, A. J., & Conway, K. S. (2008). Parental effort, school resources, and student achievement. Journal of Human Resources, 43(2),437-453. http://ncdrc.upsi.edu.my/index.php/ms/pengenalan-ncdrc/latar-belakang. Diperolehi padatanggal4 Maret 2018.</p><p>Ibrahim Belgin. (2006). The effect of hands-on activities incorporating a cooperative learning approach on eight grade studens science process skill and attitudes towardscience. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 1(9),27-37.</p><p>Ihda Syarifah & Neneng Tasuah. (2018). The Science Process Skills Of Class B Children Reviewed from The Decision-Making Learning Model at TK ABA Rendeng, Purworejo City. BELIA: Early Childhood Education Papers, 7(2), 107-112.</p><p>I Ketut Sudarsana. (2018). Membentuk karakter anak sebagaigenerasipenerusbangsa melaluipendidikananak usiadini. Jurnal Purwadita, 1(1).</p><p>Isa Medina Machmudi Isa & Mai Shihah Hj Abdullah. (2013). Pembelajaran berasaskan projek: takrifan, teori dan perbandingannya dengan pembelajaran berasaskan masalah. CREAM-Current Research in Malaysia, 2(1), 181-194.</p><p>Jale Aldemir & Hengameh Kermani (2016) Integrated STEM curriculum: improving educational outcomes for Head Start children, Early Child Development and Care, 187:11,1694-1706, DOI: 10.1080/03004430.2016.1185102. Diperolehi daripada https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03004430.2016.1185102?src=r ecsys</p><p>Jones,M. G.,Jones,B. D.,& Hargrove,T. Y. (2003). Theunintended consequencesof high-stakestesting. Lanham, MD: Rowman&Littlefield</p><p>Juniaty Winarni, Siti Zubaidah & Supriyono Koes H. (2016). STEM: Apa, Mengapa, dan Bagaimana. Prosiding Seminar Pendidikan IPA Pascasarjana Universitas NegeriMalang. Vol. 1,2016,ISBN: 978-602-9286-21-2.</p><p>Kamaleswaran Jayarajah, Rohaida Mohd Saat & Rose Amnah Abdul Rauf. (2016). A review of science, technology, engineering & mathematics (STEM) education research from 1999-2013: A Malaysian perspective. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 10(3),155-163.</p><p>Kamrul Azmi Jasmi. (2012). Penyelidikan Kualitatif dalam Sains Sosial in Kursus Penyelidikan Kualitatif siri 1 2012 atPuteriResort Melakaon28-29Mac2012. Organized by Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia Kampus Temenggong Ibrahim, JalanDatinHalimah, 80350 JohorBahru, NegeriJohor DarulTa'zim.</p><p>Karamustafaoglu, S. (2011). Improving the science process skills ability of science student teachers using I diagrams. Eurasian J. Phys. Chem. Educ, 3(1), 26-38. Diperoleh atas talian: melalui: http://www.acarindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423880494.pdf <5 Jun 2017></p><p>Katehi, L., Pearson, G., & Feder, M. (2009). Engineering in the K-12 education. Understanding the status and improving the prospects (Vol. 16). Washington, DC: NationalAcademic Press. EarlyChildhood Eucationand Practice.</p><p>Katz,L. G.,&Chard,S. C. (1989). Engaging childrens minds. The Project Approach. America: GreenwoodPublising.</p><p>Katz, L. G. (1994). The project approach. ERIC Digest. ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education Urbana IL, 1-6.</p><p>Katz, L. G., & Chard, S. C (2000). Engaging childrens mind: the project approach. (2nd ed.). Stamford, CT:Ablex Publishing Corporation.</p><p>Katz, L. G. (2003). Building agood foundationfor children. In The power of projects: Meeting contemporary challenges in early childhood classroomsstrategies and solutions (p.10). TeachersCollege Press.</p><p>Katz, L. G. (2010). STEM in early years. Collected Papers from the SEED (STEM in EarlyEducationand Development)Conference. Retrieved September30,2015, from http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/beyond/seed/katz.html.</p><p>Katz,L. G.(2012). DistinctionsbetweenAcademicVersusIntellectualGoalforYoung Children. NYSAEC Reporter 39(2) (Winter):1-15.</p><p>Katz, L. G. (2013). Resources for Early Childhood Education Collage [Peer Commentary on the Paper: The Teachers Roles in The Project Approach] diperolehi daripada http://www.communityplaythings.com/resources/article/2013/the-teachersrole-in-the-project-approach</p><p>Katz, L. G., Chard, S. C. &Kogan, Y. (2014). Engaging children's minds: The project approach. Norwood,NJ: AblexPub. 3rdEdition.</p><p>Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia. (1988). Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum, KementerianPendidikan.</p><p>Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia. (2004). National Education Policy. Kuala lumpur : KPM.</p><p>Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia. (2010). Dokumen Standar Kebangsaan Prasekolah. Putrajaya: BahagianPembangunanKurikulum.</p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2013). Blueprin Pendidikan Malaysia 2013-2025. PutraJaya: KementerianPendidikan.</p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2015). Annual Report 2015 MALAYSIA EDUCATIONBLUEPRINT 2013-2025.Malaysia.</p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2016). Panduan Pelaksanaan Sains, Teknologi, KejuruteraandanMatematik (STEM)dalamPengajarandanPembelajaran.</p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2016). Kurikulum Standard Prasekolah Kebangsaan: Dokumen Standard Prasekolah. Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia.</p><p>Kermani,H.,&Aldemir,J. (2015). Preparing childrenforsuccess: integrating science, math, and technology in early childhood classroom. Early Child Development and Care, 185(9), 1504-1527.</p><p>Khairunnisa Ulfadhilah. (2021). Model pembelajaran konstruktivisme dan implementasinya dalam pembelajaran anak usia dini. Islamic EduKids, 3(1), 1-13.</p><p>Kogan, Y. (2003). Astudyofbones. Early Childhood Researc and Practice, 5(1),92126.</p><p>KurikulumStandar PrasekolahKebangsaan(KSPK): Dokumenstandar kurikulumdan pentaksiran (2016). Diperoleh atas talian: https://tadikaintanbestari.blogspot.my/2011/03/kurikulum-standardprasekolah.html </p><p>Kupetz,B.N.,&Twiest,M.M.(2000).Nature,literatureand young children: Anatural combination. Young Children, 55 (1), 59-63. Diperolehi daripada ERIC Database(EJ603944).</p><p>Kurnaz, F. B., & Kutlu, . (2016). Ilkokul 4. sinif iin hazirlanan bilimsel sre becerileriprograminin etkililiginin belirlenmesi. Ilkgretim Online, 15(2).</p><p>Kvale, S. (2007). Doing interviews. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage</p><p>LaForce, M., Noble, E., King, H., Century, J., Blackwell, C., Holt, S., ... & Loo, S. (2016). The eight essential elements of inclusive STEM high schools. International Journal of STEM Education, 3(1),21.</p><p>Lamberg,T.&Trzynadlowski,N.(2015).HowSTEMAcademyteachersconceptualize and implementSTEMeducation. JournalofResearchinSTEMEducation. 1(1), 45-58.</p><p>Langdon,D.,McKittrick,G.,Beede,D.,Khan,B.,&Doms,M. (2011). STEM: Good JobsNow and fortheFuture. ESAIssue Brief# 0311. US Department of Commerce.</p><p>Laras Firdaus & Baiq Mirawati. (2017). Keterampilan proses sains dalam pembelajaran: suatu tinjauan teoritis. FMIPA IKIP Mataram. Diperolehi daripada https://osf.io/gdr3f</p><p>LembagaPenyelidikanUndang-undang. (1996). Akta pendidikan 1996 (Akta 550) dan peraturan-peraturan terpilih. Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad.</p><p>Lind, K. K. (1998). Science in Early Childhood: Developing and Acquiring FundamentalConceptsand Skills.</p><p>Liu, K. C., & Chien, C. Y. (1998). Project approach and parent involvement in Taiwan. Childhood Education, 74(4),213-219.</p><p>Liz Wood & Jane Attfield (1996). Play, learning and the early childhood curriculum. London: Sage Publication.</p><p>Loeziana Uce. (2017). The golden age: masa efektif merancang kualitas anak. Bunayya: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak, 1(2), 77-92.</p><p>Louis S. Nadelson & Anne L. Seifert (2017) Integrated STEM defined: Contexts, challenges, and the future, The Journal of Educational Research, 110:3, 221223, DOI:10.1080/00220671.2017.1289775</p><p>Lubis, M. S. (2016). Pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran topik bilangan dengan pendekatan pendidikan matematika realistik di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah. Jurnal Tarbiyah, 23(1).</p><p>Mackesy, P. (1964). The war for America, 1775-1783. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UniversityPress.</p><p>Maisarah Mohd Alim dan Syaza Hazwani Zaini. (2021). Persepsi ibu bapa terhadap kaedah bermain dalam pembelajaran matematik awal kanak-kanak di rumah. Jurnal Pendidikan Awal Kanak-kanak Kebangsaan, 10(2), 1-15.</p><p>Mara Samin Lubis. (2016). Pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran topik bilangan dengan pendekatan pendidikan matematika realistik di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah. Jurnal Tarbiyah, 23(1).</p><p>Margot, K. C., & Kettler, T. (2019). Teachers perception of STEM integration and education: a systematic literature review. International Journal of STEM Education, 6(1), 2.</p><p>Marohaini Yusoff. (2001). Penyelidikan Kualitatif: Pengalaman Kerja Lapangan Kajian. Kuala Lumpur: UniversitiMalaya.</p><p>Marsh, C. (2010). Becoming a teacher. PearsonHigher Education AU.</p><p>Masayu Dzainudin, Hamidah Yamat & Faridah Yunus. (2018). Emerging young childrens thinking through social and cognitive development in the project approach. Creative Education, 9(14), 2137-2147.</p><p>Masayu Dzainudin, Hamidah Yamat & Faridah Yunus. (2019). Collaborative and Reflective Practices Through Project Approach in Early Childhood Education. Religacin, 4,201-206.</p><p>Masganti Sit, Khadijah, Fauziah Nasution & Ahmad Syukri Sitorus. (2016). Buku pengembangan kreativitas anak usia dini (teori dan praktik). Medan: Perdana Publishig. Diperolehi daripada http://repository.uinsu.ac.id/2095/1/BUKU%20PENGEMBANGAN%20KREATIVITAS%20OK.pdf</p><p>Masitah Mohd Yusof, Azizi Muda, Ahmad Makmom, Bahaman Abu Samah, Ramli Basri & Noriati A. Rashid. (2012). Isu dan cabaran Pendidikan Alam Sekitar dalam kalangan guru di Malaysia. Pendidikan Alam Sekitar: Melestarikan Kesedaran Masyarakat di Malaysia.Tanjong Malim: UPSI. 1-12</p><p>Mason, J. (2002). Qualitative researching. (2nd ed.). London: SagePublication.</p><p>Masote,S.E. (2017). Teachers' understanding and implementation of values education in the foundation phase (Doctoraldissertation, UniversityofPretoria).</p><p>Mayer,R.E.(2002).Mayer,R.E.(2002). Rote versus meaningful learning. Diperolehi pada 6 Oktober 2017 daripada http://edu300spring2011.pbworks.com/f/Mayer++Rote+Versus+Meaningful+Learning. Pdf.</p><p>Mays, L. C., Hory, C., Brookshire, A., Smith-Du-Priest, S., Findley, M. R., & Webb,</p><p>M.T. (2011). What the children taught us: Using the Project Approach to implement a Native American unit. The Georgia Social Studies Journal Fall, 1(2),1-13.</p><p>Mazlini Adnan, Aminah Ayob, Ong E. T., Mohd. Nasir Ibrahim, Noriah Ishak, & Jameyah Sheriff. (2017). Memperkasa pembangunan modal insan Malaysia di peringkat kanakkanak: Kajian kebolehlaksanaan dan kebolehintegrasian pendidikanSTEMdalamkurikulumPERMATANegara(Enhancing Malaysian humancapitalfromearlychildhood:Astudyinthefeasibilityand integratability of the STEM system in the PERMATA Negara curriculum). Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 12(1).</p><p>McClure, E. R., Guernsey, L., Clements, D. H., Bales, S. N., Nichols, J., Kendall-Taylor, N., & Levine, M. H. (2017). STEM starts early: Grounding science, technology, engineering, and math education in early childhood. New York: TheJoanGanz CooneyCenter at Sesame Workshop.</p><p>McConnell, J. R. (2017). A model for understanding teachers intentions to remain in STEMeducation. International Journal of STEM Education, 4(1),7.Diperolehi daripada https://www.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40594-017-00618?site=stemeducationjournal.springeropen.com</p><p>McDonald, J. T., & Dominguez, L. A. (2010). Professional preparation for science teachers in environmental education. In the inclusion of environmental education in science teacher education (pp.17-30). Springer Netherlands.</p><p>McFarlin, L. M. (2011). How children in a science-centered preschool use science process skills while engaged in play activities (Doctoraldissertation).</p><p>Merriam, S. B. (1998). Case Study Research in Education: A Qualitative Approach. CA: Jossey-BassInco.</p><p>Merriam,S.B.(1998).Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education. Revised and Expanded from" Case Study Research in Education.".Jossey-Bass Publishers, 350 Sansome St,SanFrancisco, CA94104.</p><p>Merriam, S. B. (2001). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. Revised and expanded from case study research in education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-BassInco.</p><p>Merriam, S.B., & Associates. (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis (1st ed.).SanFrancisco: John Wiley&Sons, Inc.</p><p>Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (2nd ed.). USA: JosseyBass.</p><p>Miles. M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014) Qualitative analysis: A methods sourcebook.London: SagePublications. Diperolehipada23 Mac2018 daripada https://books.google.com.my/books?id=3CNrUbTu6CsC&pg=PA22&source= gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false</p><p>Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</p><p>Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M. & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. (3rded.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication, Inc.</p><p>Mobley,M. C. (2015). DevelopmentoftheSETISinstrumenttomeasureteachers'selfefficacyto teachscience inan integrated STEMframework.</p><p>Mohd Daud Jafry. (2017). Kesan intergrasi Model Salmon dan teori Konstruktivisme lima fasa Needham terhadap pencapaian dan sikap pelajar dalam epembelajaran sains komputer. Fakulti Seni Komputer Dan Industri Kreatif Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.</p><p>Mohd Najib Ghafar & Abdul Rauf Ibrahim (2011). Penilaian Hubungan Tahap Penguasaan Konsepsi Sains dengan Tahap Kemahiran Proses Sains Guru PeringkatMenengahRendah.Journal of Science and Mathematics Educational. Volume 3 Sept 2011, Pages 1-19/ISSN: 2231-7368. Diperolehi daripada http://eprints.utm.my/16130/1/MohdNajibGhafar2011_PenilaianHubunganTah apPenguasaanKonsepsi.pdf.</p><p>Moore,T. J., Johnson, C. C., Peter-Burton, E. E.,& Guzey, S. S. (2016). The need for aSTEMroad map. InC. C. Johnson, E. E. Peter-Burton, &T. J. Moore(Eds.), STEM road map: Aframework for integrated STEM education (pp. 3-12). NY: RoutledgeTaylor &FrancisGroup.</p><p>Morrison, J. (2006). TIES STEM education monograph series: Attributes of STEM education. Baltimore, MD:TIES.</p><p>Morrison, G., Ross, S., & Kemp. J. (2007). Designing Effective Instruction. (5th ed). Hillsdale: New Jersey.</p><p>Muhammad Abd Hadi Bunyamin. (2015). Pendidikan STEM bersepadu: Perspektif global, perkembangan semasa di Malaysia, dan langkah kehadapan. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Diperolehi daripada https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad_Abd_Hadi_Bunyamin/publi cation/301567750_Pendidikan_STEM_Bersepadu_Perspektif_Global_Perkem bangan_Semasa_di_Malaysia_dan_Langkah_Kehadapan/links/571ac7f908ae7 f552a4735ce/Pendidikan-STEM-Bersepadu-Perspektif-Global-PerkembanganSemasa-di-Malaysia-dan-Langkah-Kehadapan.pdf.</p><p>Muhammad Abd Hadi Bunyamin. (2017). Membangunkan pendekatan bersepadu pendidikan STEM di Malaysia. UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia.</p><p>Muniandy, B., Mohamad, R., Fook, F. S., & Idrus, R. M. (2009). Technology application in project-based learning. Journal of communication and computer, 6(12),74-84.</p><p>Mutlu, M., & Temiz, B. K. (2013). Science process skills of students having field dependent and field independent cognitive styles. Educational Research and Reviews, 8(11),766.</p><p>Nadarajan Thambu & Zuraini Jamil. (2020). Pengalaman mendengar dan membaca buku cerita moral sebagai pemangkin kecerdasan visual-ruang kanak-kanak prasekolah. Jurnal Pendidikan Awal Kanak-kanak Kebangsaan, 9(1),1-13.</p><p>NationalResearchCouncil.(2011). Successful STEM education: A workshop summary. National Academies Press.</p><p>Neo, M., & Neo, T. K. (2009). Engaging students in multimedia-mediated Constructivist learning-Students' perceptions. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 12(2), 254.. Diperolehi dari http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/jeductechsoci.12.2.254.pdf?casa_token=kov0C3EpBWEAAAAA:mzc8akSuZNXDl80kcqNPA4ZW7lVjyNuJRS9jM_INTZ65juOjKFTh8Pa3Rw967XDGF9JC2x7lnRieWUOjh6UKzTFWR6Wcr8bKdTzYlI-6t5eTpMk9sD9Tw</p><p>N. Faizan Ahmad & Zanaton H. Iksan. (2021). Penerapan Kemahiran Proses Sains melalui Pembelajaran Sains Berasaskan Permainan Digital: Application of Science Process Skills through Digital Game-Based Science Learning. Sains Insani, 6(1),75-81.</p><p>Newcombe, N. S. (2010). Picture this: Increasing math and science learning by improving spatialthinking. American Educator, 34(2),29.</p><p>Ng,C. H.,&Adnan,M. (2018,January). Integrating STEMeducationthroughProject-Based Inquiry Learning (PIL) in topic space among year one pupils. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 296,No. 1).</p><p>Nirarita, Endah. (1999). Pendidikan Lingkungan untuk Siswa Sekolah Dasar Kelas 4 6 (Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun), Sukabumi: Biodiversity Conservation Project and Wetlands.</p><p>NoraidaOthman,NorazilawatiAbdullahdanHamidahIdris.(2021). Pemupukansikap inkuiri kanak-kanak prasekolah melalui pendekatan projek. Jurnal Pendidikan Awal Kanak-kanak Kebangsaan, 10(2), 16-26.</p><p>Noor Haniza Abdul Halim & Effandi Zakaria (t.t). Penerapan kemahiran berfikir aras tinggimelaluipembelajaranberasaskanprojek pengajaransainssekolahrendah. UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysia.</p><p>Noor Miza Abdul Rahman. (2015). Pembinaan modul berasaskan pendekatan projek untuk meningkatkan kemahiran berkomunikasi murid tadika (Doctoral dissertation, UniversitiSainsMalaysia).</p><p>Noraini Idris. (2013). Penyelidikan dalam pendidikan. (Edisi kedua). Kuala Lumpur: McGraw-HillEducation.</p><p>Norazizah Abdul Rahman, Sopia Md Yassin & Noor Ashikin Mohd Yusop. (2016). Pembelajaran secara inisiatif kanak-kanak menerusi pendekatan projek: dari tumbuh-tumbuhan ke sekaki payung. Jurnal Pendidikan Awal Kanak-kanak Kebangsaan, 5(1),78-95.</p><p>Norazizah Abdul Rahman. (2018). Pelaksanaan pendidikan sekitar dalam kalangan kanak-kanak prasekolah menerusi pendekatan projek (Doctoral dissertation, UniversitiPendidikanSultan Idris).</p><p>Norazizah Abdul Rahman, Norashikin Mohd Yusop & Sopia Md Yassin &Zainiah@Zainiah Mohamrd Isa. (2019). Kemahiran Proses Sains Dalam kalangan Kanak-Kanak Prasekolah Menerusi Pendekatan Projek. Sains Humanika, 11(1).</p><p>Norazizah Abdul Rahman & Noor Ashikin Mohd Yusop. (2020). A Novel Environmental Sustainable Composting Project Among Preschool Children/Kelestarian Alam Dalam Kalangan Kanak-Kanak Menerusi Projek PenghasilanBaja Kompos. Sains Humanika, 12(2).</p><p>NorlizaAhmad.(2016). Pemahaman Guru PrasekolahTentang Konsep BelajarMelaui Bermain dan Cara Kanak-kanak Belajar di Pasekolah. Bangi: Penerbit Fakulti Pendidikan, UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysia.</p><p>Novita Eka Nurjanah. (2021). Pembelajaran STEM berbasis Loose Parts untuk Meningkatkan Kreativitas Anak Usia Dini. JURNAL AUDI: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Ilmu Anak Dan Media Informasi PAUD, 5(1), 19-31.</p><p>Nur Amelia Adam& Lilia Halim. (2019). Cabaran pengintegrasianpendidikanSTEM dalamkurikulumMalaysia.</p><p>Nur Hidayah Shazira Mohd Shukor. (2018). Pendekatan Projek: Projek Mulberi [Project Approach: Mulberry Project]. Tanjong Malim, Perak: Sultan Idris EducationUniversityPublisher.</p><p>Nur Izzati Ahmad Fisol & Mohd Al Adib Samuri. (2020). Perundangan Berkaitan Pendisiplinan Pelajar Sekolah Tahfiz di Malaysia. BITARA International Journal of Civilizational Studies and Human Sciences (e-ISSN: 2600-9080), 3(1),54-71.</p><p>Nur Najwa Mohamed & Anis Norma Mohamad Jaafar. (2020). Penggunaan modul pembelajaran inkuiri berasaskan projek terhadap kanak-kanak berumur 4 tahun. Jurnal Pendidikan Awal Kanak-kanak Kebangsaan, 9,73-90.</p><p>Nuryani Y. Rustaman. (2016). Pembelajaran sains masa depan berbasis stem education. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biologi Edukasi 2016: SEMNAS Bio-Edu 1. Diperolehi dari talian: http://semnasbioedu.stkip-pgri-sumbar.ac.id/wpcontent/uploads/2017/02/prosiding-semnas-bioedu-1-finale1.pdf</p><p>Nye, D. (2006). Why technology matters. Historically Speaking, 7(6), 14-16. dari https://muse.jhu.edu/article/422907/summary</p><p>OngE. T., &Bibi Hazliana Mohd Hassan(2013).PenguasaanKemahiranProsesSains AsasdalamKalanganMurid SekolahRendahdiSelangor BerdasarkanJantina, Lokasi Sekolah dan Aras Tahun. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains & Matematik Malaysia, 3(2),77-90.</p><p>Ong E. T., & Shamalah Manikam. (2014). Penguasaan Kemahiran Proses Sains Asas dalamKalanganMurid IndiadiBeberapaBuahSekolahRendahdiPerak. Sains Humanika, 2(1).</p><p>Ong E. T., Norjuhana Mesmen, Sabri Mohd Salleh, SitiEshah Mokshein, Nik Azmah Nik Yusuff, & Koon Peng Yeam. (2015). Basic science process skills test for primary schools: item development and validation. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains & Matematik Malaysia, 5(1), 70-88.</p><p>Open University Malaysia. (2006). Perancangan kurikulum pendidikan sains. Kuala Lumpur: MeteorDoc Sdn.Bhd.</p><p>Othman Lebar. (2017). Penyelidikan Kualitatif: Pengenalan kepada teori dan metode. (Edisi kedua).Tanjong Malim: UniversitiPendidikanSultanIdris.</p><p>Padilla, M. J. (1990). The science process skills. Research Matters-to the science Teacher, 9004.</p><p>Padilla, M., Cronin, L. & Twiest, M. (1980). The development and validation of the test of basic process skills. National Association of Research in Science Teaching. 1517 February, FrenchLick, IN.</p><p>Panduan Pelaksanaan Sains, Teknologi, Kejuruteraan dan Matematik (STEM) dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran. (2016). Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia BahagianPembangunanKurikulum: Putrajaya-Malaysia.</p><p>Partnerships for the 21st century. (2008). 21st century skills, education & competitiveness: A resource and policy guide. Washington, DC: The Partnership for 21st CenturySkills.</p><p>Patton,Q.M.(1990).Qualitative Evaluation Methods. BaverlyHill,California: SAGE.</p><p>Piaget, J. (1972). The Principles of Genetic Epistemology. N.Y.:BasicBooks.</p><p>Piaget, J. (1977). The development of thought: Equilibration of cognitive structures. (Trans A. Rosin). Oxford,England: Viking.</p><p>Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum. (2001). Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah (KBSM) yang disemak semula. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.</p><p>Ra, J. S. (2009). Wind project in a Korean kindergarten: A project-based Art Activity in Early Childhood This study investigated how young childrens drawings changed according tothethreephasesofaproject.Aproject isanindepthstudy of a topic that is of relev. International Art in Early Childhood Research Journal, 1(1), 1-19.</p><p>Rafei Bin Sharif. (2006). Keberkesanan guru sains mengimplementasikan kemahiran proses sains sepadu dalam pelaksanaan kurikulum sains KBSM tingkatan dua: Kajian kes di daerah Hilir Perak (Thesis master). UniversitiPendidikanSultan Idris, Perak. Diperolehi pada tanggal 9 April 2018 melalui http://pustaka2.upsi.edu.my/eprints/162/1/Keberkesanan%20guru%20sains%20mengimplimentasikan%20kemahiran%20proses%20sains%20sepadu%20dalam%20pelaksanaan%20kurukulum%20sains%20KBSM%20tingkatan%20dua.pdf.</p><p>Rahayu & Waluyo. (2015). The Bubble Painting Activities as a Science Teaching Mediato Improve CognitiveSkills in4-5 YearsOld Children. IJECES, 5(2).</p><p>Ramalingam, S., Maniam, M., & Karuppanan, G. (2019). Penglibatan ibu bapa dalam pencapaian akademik pelajar sekolah Tamil di Selangor. Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 308-333.</p><p>Ravitz, J. (2009). Does project based learning help foster communities of learners in small US high schools. European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction, Amsterdam, NL.</p><p>Robert, A. & Cantu, D. (2012). Applying STEM instructional strategies to design and technology curriculum. Department of STEM Education and Professional StudiesOld DominionUniversity. Norfolk, VA, USA.</p><p>Rohani Abdullah (2001) Perkembangan kanak-kanak, penilaian secara portfolio. Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia.</p><p>Roessingh,H.&Chambers,W. (2011).Project-based learning and pedagogyinteacher preparation: Staking out the theoretical mid-ground. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher.</p><p>Rosenfeld, S., & Ben-Hur, Y. (2001). Project-Based Learning (PBL) in Science and Technology: A Case Study of Professional Development.</p><p>Roslina Abd. Karim. (t.t). Keberkesanan pembelajaran berasaskan projek ke atas pengetahuan, sikap dan tingkah laku murid tahun 5 terhadap tajuk tenaga.UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysia.</p><p>Roza, M. M. (2012). Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Sains Anak Taman Kanak-Kanak AisyiyahBustanulAthfal29 Padang. Jurnal Pesona PAUD 1(05).</p><p>Rustamar, N.Y. (2003). Strategi belajar mengajar biologi. Bandung: Jurusan PendidikanBiologiFMIPAUPI.</p><p>Ruth Debora& RudyPramono.(2021). ImplementationofSTEMLearning Method to Develop Childrens Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Skills. Jurnal Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(3), 1221-1232.</p><p>Saayah Abu. (2004). Pelaksanaan aktiviti belajar melalui bermain di tadika-tadika kawasan Melaka Tengah, Melaka. Diperoleh atas talian: https://www.slideshare.net/amirwan/aktivit-bermain-unt-kanak-kanak </p><p>Saayah Abu. (2004). Pelaksanaan aktiviti belajar melalui bermain di tadika-tadika kawasan Melaka Tengah, Melaka. Diperolehi atas talian http://www.ipislam.edu.my/uploaded/file/saayah.pdf.</p><p>Sabitha Merican. (2006). Penyelidikan sains sosial: Pendekatan pragmatic. Malaysia: EdusystemSdn. Bhd.</p><p>Saldaa, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage.</p><p>Saniah Sembak. (2017). Pengetahuan dan pelaksanaan kemahiran proses sains bersepadu dalam kalangan guru sains menengah rendah (Doctoraldissertation, UniversitiPendidikanSultanIdris).</p><p>Santrock, J.W. (2007). Psikologi pendidikan (Terjemahan). Edisi Kedua. Jakarta: KencanaPerdana Media Group.</p><p>Savery, J. R., & Duffy, T. M. (1995). Problem based learning: An instructional model and itsconstructivist framework. Educational Technology, 35(5),31-38.</p><p>Sayuti,S.,Yeo,K.J.,Sibes,A.J.,&Kosnin. (2000). Psikologi Pendidikan. Johor:Cetak ratu.</p><p>Seth Bin Sulaiman & Ezan Haizurah Binti Ahmad. (2009). Tahap pencapaian kemahiran proses sains dalam mata pelajaran Fizik dikalangan pelajar sekolah menengahdaerah Kluang.</p><p>Sidek Mohd Noh. (2002). Rekabentuk penyelidikan. Serdang, Selangor: Penerbit UniversitiPutraMalaysia.</p><p>Siew, N. M., Chai, W. L., & Lee, B. N. (2021). The Kemahiran Proses Sains Tahap Empat: Satu instrumen untuk Pelajar Tingkatan Empat Sekolah Menengah. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(3),134-145.</p><p>Simbolon, B. R. (2010). Paket Materi Pembelajaran Inkuiri Dalam Pendidikan Lingkungan Hidup Untuk Meningkatkan Perilaku Berwawasan Lingkungan SiswaSD DiJakarta.Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Lingkungan dan Pembangunan, 11(2),1-20.</p><p>Singh, P. K. (2019). Supports for Persistence in STEM: Student and Parent Perspectives of an Inclusive STEM High School (Doctoral dissertation, Azusa PacificUniversity).</p><p>Siow Heng Loke. (2002). Dasar-dasar penting bagi pembangunanpendidkansainskea rahpembinaannegara maju. In H. L. Siow &S. Hussin(Ed.), dasar pendidikan progresif: Perspektif makro dan mikro (pp. 65-83). Kuala Lumpur: Utusan PublicationsdanDistributorSdn. Bhd.</p><p>Siti Shahidah Mohd Azri. (2016). Tahap Penguasaan Kemahiran Proses Sains Bersepadu Dan Kemahiran Abad Ke 21 Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Biologi (Doctoraldissertation, UniversitiPendidikanSultanIdris).</p><p>Sit, M., Khadijah, K., Nasution, F., & Sitorus, A. S. (2016). Buku pengembangan kreativitas anak usia dini (teori dan praktik). Medan: Perdana Publishig. Diperolehi daripada http://repository.uinsu.ac.id/2095/1/BUKU%20PENGEMBANGAN%20KRE ATIVITAS%20OK.pdf</p><p>ShuhairiAbdulRazak.(2008). Hubungan penguasaan kemahiran proses sains dengan penaakulan saintifik dan pencapaian sains pelajar Tingkatan empat. TesisPhD yang diterbitkan. UniversitySainsMalaysia: Penang.</p><p>SneidemanJM(2013)Engaging ChildreninSTEMEducationEARLY!FeatureStory. Natural Start Alliance and NAAEE. Available from: http://naturalstart.org/feature-stories/engaging-children-stemeducation-early.</p><p>Soekamto, Toeti & Udin S. Winataputra. (1997). Teori Belajar dan Model-model Pembelajaran. Jakarta: P2TUniversitasTerbuka.</p><p>Soylu, R. A. S. (2016). STEM education in early childhood in Turkey. Journal Of Educational And Instructional Studies In The World June 2016 Volume 6 Special Issue. Diperolehi daripada http://www.wjeis.org/FileUpload/ds217232/File/2016...wjeis.pdf#page=45</p><p>Stake,R. E. (2006). Qualitative Research Studying How Things Work. New York:The Guilford Press.</p><p>Stake,R.E. (2010). Multiple Case Study Analysis. New York:The Guilford Press.</p><p>Sulaiman Ngah Razali (2000). Pembelajaran sains KBSM. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan BahasadanPustaka.</p><p>Syafaruddin, S., Herdianto, H., & Ernawati, E. (2016). Pendidikan prasekolah: PerspektifpendidikanIslam.</p><p>Tan Ming Tang & Chin Teoi Peng. (2001).Satu tinjauan awal konsepsi kemahiran prosessainsdikalanganguru sainsPKPG 14 minggu dimaktabPerguruanBatu Lintang: Unit SainsJabatan KajianSainsMaktabPerguruanBatu Lintang.</p><p>Tight, M. (2017). Understanding case study research: Small-scale research with meaning. (1st edition). London, Sage.</p><p>Titik Rahayu, Syafrimen Syafril, Kamisah Osman, Lilia Halim, Sharifah Zarina Syed Zakaria, Cik Tuan Mastura Tuan Soh & Nova Erlina Yaumas. (2018). Kualiti guru, isu dan cabaran dalam pembelajaran STEM.http://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/JQCU6.Diperolehi daripada https://osf.io/jqcu6</p><p>Thanavalli A/P Subrahmonion. (2016). Analisis Aplikasi Kognisi dalam Tunjang Komunikasi Bahasa Malaysia Prasekolah. Disertasi, Universiti Pendidikan SultanIdris.</p><p>Toeti Soekamto & Udin Saripudin Winataputra. (1997). Teori Belajar dan Model-model Pembelajaran. Jakarta: P2T UniversitasTerbuka.</p><p>Torres-Crespo, M. N., Kraatz, E., & Pallansch, L. (2014). From Fearing STEM to Playing with It: The Natural Integration of STEM into the Preschool Classroom. SRATE Journal, 23(2), 8-16.</p><p>Trilling, B. & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.</p><p>Tyler, R., & Peterson, S. (2004). From Try it and see to strategic exploration: Characterizing young childrens scientific reasoning. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 41(1),91-118</p><p>Upik Elok Endang Rasmani, NovitaEkaNurjanah&SitiWahyuningsih.(2020,April). The effect use of STEAM method on the classification ability in objects for children aged 4-5 years. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1511, No. 1,p.012119). IOP Publishing.</p><p>Vygotsky, L. (1978a). Interaction between learning and development. Readings on the development of children, 23(3),34-41.</p><p>Vygotsky, L. S. (1978b). Mind in society: The development of higher mental process. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UniversityPress.</p><p>Wahono, B., & Chang, C. Y. (2019). Assessing teachers attitude, knowledge, and application (aka) on stem: an effort to foster the sustainable development of stemeducation. Sustainability, 11(4),950.</p><p>Walker, A., & Leary, H. (2009). A problem based learning meta analysis: Differences acrossproblemtypes, implementationtypes,disciplines,and assessment levels. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-based Learning, 3(1), 6. Diperolehi daripada https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/itls_facpub/15/</p><p>Wallenius, T. J. (2017). Challenging gender roles through STEM education in Nepal. CaliforniaState University, Long Beach.</p><p>White, D. W. (2014). What is STEM education and why is it important. Florida Association of Teacher Educators Journal, 1(14),1-9.</p><p>Willis, J. W. (2007). World views, paradigms and the practice of social science research. Foundations of qualitative research: Interpretive and critical approaches, 1-26.</p><p>Wiersma, W. (2000). Research in Education: An Introduction. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.</p><p>Winarni, J., Zubaidah,. S., & Koes, H. S., (2016). STEM: Apa, Mengapa, dan Bagaimana. Prosiding Seminar Pendidikan IPA Pascasarjana Universitas NegeriMalang. Vol. 1,2016,ISBN: 978-602-9286-21-2.</p><p>Wolf, S. (2020). Me I dont really discuss anything with them: Parent and teacher perceptions of early childhood education and parent-teacher relationships in Ghana. International Journal of Educational Research, 99, 101525.</p><p>Woodside, A. G.(2010). Case study research: Theory, methods and practice.Emerald GroupPublishing.</p><p>Yalcin,S.A.,Turgut,U.,&Buyukkasap,E.(2009).Theeffectofprojectbased learning onscience undergraduates learning ofelectricity, attitudetowardsphysicsand scientific process skills. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 1(1),81-105.</p><p>Yeam, K. P. (2007). Tahap Pencapaian Dan Pelaksanaan Kemahiran Proses Sains Dalam Kalangan Guru Pelatih [LB1585. A2 Y39 2007 f rb] (Doctoral dissertation, UniversitiSainsMalaysia).</p><p>Yelland, N., Drake, P., & Sadler, K. (2017). Early Learning in STEM: Multimodal learning inthe 21st century.</p><p>Yildirim, M., Calik, M., & Ozmen, H. (2016). A meta-syinthesis ofTurkish studies in science process skills. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(14), 6518-6539.</p><p>Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods. (3thed.). NewburyPark, CA: SagePublications, Inc.</p><p>Yin,R. K. (2008). Case study research: Design and methods. (4thed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</p><p>Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative research from start to finish. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.</p><p>Yin,R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods. (5thed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</p><p>Yin, R. K. (2015). Qualitative research from start to finish. (2nd ed.). New York, NY: TheGuilford Prublications.</p><p>Yip,A. A. (2007).Actionresearchand tacitknowledge: Acaseoftheprojectapproach. In Handbook of Teacher Education (pp.507-522). Springer Netherlands.</p><p>Youngquist, J. (2004). FromMedicine to Microbes: AProject InvestigationofHealth. Young Children, (2), 28-33. Diperolehi daripada www. naeyc.org/resources/journal</p><p>Yuen, L. H. F. (2009). From foot to shoes: Kindergartens, families and teachers perception ofthe project approach. Early Childhood Education Journal, 37(1), 23-33.</p><p>Zeidan, A. H., & Jayosi, M. R. (2015). Science process skills and attitudes toward science among Palestinian secondary school students. World journal of Education, 5(1), 13-24.</p><p>Zikmud, W. (2003). Business research method (7th ed). Ohio: ThompsonLearning.</p><p>Zimmerman, C. (2000). The development ofscintificreasoning skills. Developmental Review 20(1), 99-149. doi: 10.1006/drev.1999.0497.</p><p>Zolfaghari, A. (2015). The Necessity and Importance of Education for Social and Cultural Development of Societies in Developing Countries. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 36(3), 3380-3386.</p><p></p> |