Self-paced speech rehabilitation among children with down syndrome using malay automatic voice recognition (AVR)

The speech and language learning of children with Down syndrome (DS) are often delayed or impaired. Therefore, children with DS often take a longer time in learning to speak and in certain cases; some of them might not be able to speak properly throughout their lifetime.Learning how to convey verbal...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Lau, Kum Hoe
Format: Thesis
Language:English
English
Published: 2015
Subjects:
Online Access:http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18353/1/Self-Paced%20Speech%20Rehabilitation%20Among%20Children%20With%20Down%20Syndrome%20Using%20Malay%20Automatic%20Voice%20Recognition%20%28AVR%29.pdf
http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18353/2/Self-paced%20speech%20rehabilitation%20among%20children%20with%20down%20syndrome%20using%20Malay%20automatic%20voice%20recognition%20%28AVR%29.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-utem-ep.18353
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
collection UTeM Repository
language English
English
advisor Hisham, Syariffanor

topic T Technology (General)
T Technology (General)
spellingShingle T Technology (General)
T Technology (General)
Lau, Kum Hoe
Self-paced speech rehabilitation among children with down syndrome using malay automatic voice recognition (AVR)
description The speech and language learning of children with Down syndrome (DS) are often delayed or impaired. Therefore, children with DS often take a longer time in learning to speak and in certain cases; some of them might not be able to speak properly throughout their lifetime.Learning how to convey verbally is crucial as it underpins the development of other skills like expressing and socializing which helps an individual to communicate with others in the society. Therefore, improving the speaking and language skills of children with DS is essential in promoting an independent living for these children. The Automatic Voice Recognition (AVR) could unfold potentials in promoting the speech rehabilitation among children with DS. Nevertheless, many existing AVR applications were developed based on European regions and the users of these applications were not originally targeted for children with DS. These applications are not applicable to the children with DS in Malaysia. This thesis addresses the feasibility of Malay AVR as an assistive tool in promoting the self-paced speech rehabilitation among children with DS. Three studies were conducted in order to tackle this issue, and all these studies were conducted in the Kiwanis Down Syndrome Foundation (KDSF) centre – a legitimate association that provides speech rehabilitation programs for the children with DS in Malaysia. The first study aims to investigate the current limitations that prevent speech rehabilitation among children with DS in Malaysia. The second study involved the children with DS from the KDSF centres and would help to validate the usability study for the proposed Malay AVR application known asMyCard. The third study involved three children with DS who participated in the usability testing with MyCard, which aimed to verify the feasibility of MyCard as an assistive tool in promoting the self-paced speech rehabilitationfor these children. The feasibility of MyCard in promoting self-paced speech rehabilitation was sought based on its interactivity, user’s experience and its efficiency. Based on these three criterions, the resultsshowed that MyCard is feasible for the children with DS who participated in this study. There are evidences showed that these children could understand and interact with the user interfaces’ components of MyCard which indicated that these children could interact with MyCard. The DS children in this study also showed proper responses when they saw the feedback displayed by MyCard, indicating that the feedbacks are intuitive to these children.Importantly, the teachers who were monitoring their children during this study also indicated that MyCard can be adopted as a supportive tool in their speech therapy routine. Grounded on these, the researcher of this study concluded that Malay AVR can be potentially served children with DS as a self-paced speech rehabilitation tool.
format Thesis
qualification_name Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.)
qualification_level Master's degree
author Lau, Kum Hoe
author_facet Lau, Kum Hoe
author_sort Lau, Kum Hoe
title Self-paced speech rehabilitation among children with down syndrome using malay automatic voice recognition (AVR)
title_short Self-paced speech rehabilitation among children with down syndrome using malay automatic voice recognition (AVR)
title_full Self-paced speech rehabilitation among children with down syndrome using malay automatic voice recognition (AVR)
title_fullStr Self-paced speech rehabilitation among children with down syndrome using malay automatic voice recognition (AVR)
title_full_unstemmed Self-paced speech rehabilitation among children with down syndrome using malay automatic voice recognition (AVR)
title_sort self-paced speech rehabilitation among children with down syndrome using malay automatic voice recognition (avr)
granting_institution Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
granting_department Faculty of Information and Communication Technology
publishDate 2015
url http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18353/1/Self-Paced%20Speech%20Rehabilitation%20Among%20Children%20With%20Down%20Syndrome%20Using%20Malay%20Automatic%20Voice%20Recognition%20%28AVR%29.pdf
http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18353/2/Self-paced%20speech%20rehabilitation%20among%20children%20with%20down%20syndrome%20using%20Malay%20automatic%20voice%20recognition%20%28AVR%29.pdf
_version_ 1747833920272990208
spelling my-utem-ep.183532022-06-01T15:03:44Z Self-paced speech rehabilitation among children with down syndrome using malay automatic voice recognition (AVR) 2015 Lau, Kum Hoe T Technology (General) TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering The speech and language learning of children with Down syndrome (DS) are often delayed or impaired. Therefore, children with DS often take a longer time in learning to speak and in certain cases; some of them might not be able to speak properly throughout their lifetime.Learning how to convey verbally is crucial as it underpins the development of other skills like expressing and socializing which helps an individual to communicate with others in the society. Therefore, improving the speaking and language skills of children with DS is essential in promoting an independent living for these children. The Automatic Voice Recognition (AVR) could unfold potentials in promoting the speech rehabilitation among children with DS. Nevertheless, many existing AVR applications were developed based on European regions and the users of these applications were not originally targeted for children with DS. These applications are not applicable to the children with DS in Malaysia. This thesis addresses the feasibility of Malay AVR as an assistive tool in promoting the self-paced speech rehabilitation among children with DS. Three studies were conducted in order to tackle this issue, and all these studies were conducted in the Kiwanis Down Syndrome Foundation (KDSF) centre – a legitimate association that provides speech rehabilitation programs for the children with DS in Malaysia. The first study aims to investigate the current limitations that prevent speech rehabilitation among children with DS in Malaysia. The second study involved the children with DS from the KDSF centres and would help to validate the usability study for the proposed Malay AVR application known asMyCard. The third study involved three children with DS who participated in the usability testing with MyCard, which aimed to verify the feasibility of MyCard as an assistive tool in promoting the self-paced speech rehabilitationfor these children. The feasibility of MyCard in promoting self-paced speech rehabilitation was sought based on its interactivity, user’s experience and its efficiency. Based on these three criterions, the resultsshowed that MyCard is feasible for the children with DS who participated in this study. There are evidences showed that these children could understand and interact with the user interfaces’ components of MyCard which indicated that these children could interact with MyCard. The DS children in this study also showed proper responses when they saw the feedback displayed by MyCard, indicating that the feedbacks are intuitive to these children.Importantly, the teachers who were monitoring their children during this study also indicated that MyCard can be adopted as a supportive tool in their speech therapy routine. Grounded on these, the researcher of this study concluded that Malay AVR can be potentially served children with DS as a self-paced speech rehabilitation tool. 2015 Thesis http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18353/ http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18353/1/Self-Paced%20Speech%20Rehabilitation%20Among%20Children%20With%20Down%20Syndrome%20Using%20Malay%20Automatic%20Voice%20Recognition%20%28AVR%29.pdf text en public http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18353/2/Self-paced%20speech%20rehabilitation%20among%20children%20with%20down%20syndrome%20using%20Malay%20automatic%20voice%20recognition%20%28AVR%29.pdf text en validuser https://plh.utem.edu.my/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=100144 mphil masters Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Faculty of Information and Communication Technology Hisham, Syariffanor 1. Abdul Aziz, N.S., Ahmad, W.F.W., and Zulkifli, N.J. binti, 2015. User experience on numerical application between children with Down Syndrome and autism. In: Proceedings of the International HCI and UX Conference in Indonesia on - CHIuXiD ’15. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, pp.26–31. 2. Ahmad, W.F.W., Muddin, H.N.B.I., and Shafie, A., 2014. Number skills mobile application for down syndrome children. In: 2014 International Conference on Computer and Information Sciences (ICCOINS). IEEE, pp.1–6. 3. Alcock, K., 2006. The development of oral motor control and language. Down’s syndrome, research and practice: the journal of the Sarah Duffen Centre / University of Portsmouth, 11 (1), pp.1–8. 4. Barnes, E., Roberts, J., Long, S.H., Martin, G.E., Berni, M.C., Mandulak, K.C., and Sideris, J., 2009. Phonological accuracy and intelligibility in connected speech of boys with fragile X syndrome or Down syndrome. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR, 52 (4), pp.1048–61. 5. Barnes, E.F., Roberts, J., Mirrett, P., Sideris, J., and Misenheimer, J., 2006. A comparison of oral structure and oral-motor function in young males with fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research: JSLHR, 49 (4), pp.903–17. 6. Brandão, A., Trevisan, D.G., Brandão, L., Moreira, B., Nascimento, G., Vasconcelos, C.N., Clua, E., and Mourão, P., 2010. Semiotic Inspection of a Game for Children with Down Syndrome. 2010 Brazilian Symposium on Games and Digital Entertainment, pp.199–210. 7. Bray, M., 2008. Speech production in people with Down syndrome [online]. Down Syndrome Research and Practice. Available at: http://www.down-syndrome.org/reviews/2075/. 8. Bruno, A., González, C., and Moreno, L., 2003. Teaching Mathematics to Children with Down’s Syndrome. Universidad de La …. 9. Buckley, S., 1999. IMPROVING THE SPEECH AND LANGUAGE SKILLS OF CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS WITH DOWN SYNDROME. Down Syndrome News and Update, 1 (3), pp.111–128. 10. Buckley, S., 2000. Speech and Language Development for Individuals with Down Syndrome - An Overview - [online]. Available at: http://www.down-syndrome.org/information/language/overview/ [Accessed 18 Jun 2013]. 11. Burgoyne, K., Duff, F.J., Clarke, P.J., Buckley, S., Snowling, M.J., and Hulme, C., 2012. Efficacy of a reading and language intervention for children with Down syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 53 (10), pp.1044–53. 12. Castillo, H., Patterson, B., Hickey, F., Kinsman, A., Howard, J.M., Mitchell, T., and Molloy, C. a, 2008. Difference in age at regression in children with autism with and without Down syndrome. Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics: JDBP, 29 (2), pp.89–93. 13. Chapman, R.S., 2000. Predicting Language Production in Children and Adolescents With Down Syndrome: The Role of Comprehension., 43 (2). 14. Chapman, R.S., 2006. Language learning in Down syndrome: the speech and language profile compared to adolescents with cognitive impairment of unknown origin. Down’s syndrome, research and practice: the journal of the Sarah Duffen Centre / University of Portsmouth, 10 (2), pp.61–6. 15. Chapman, R.S. and Hesketh, L.J., 2001. Language, cognition, and short-term memory in individuals with Down syndrome. Down’s syndrome, research and practice: the journal of the Sarah Duffen Centre / University of Portsmouth, 7 (1), pp.1–7. 16. Cherney, L.R. and Halper, A.S., n.d. Novel technology for treating individuals with aphasia and concomitant cognitive deficits. Topics in stroke rehabilitation, 15 (6), pp.542–54. 17. Cherney, L.R., Halper, A.S., Holland, A.L., and Cole, R., 2008. Computerized script training for aphasia: preliminary results. American journal of speech-language pathology / American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 17 (1), pp.19–34. 18. Cherney, L.R. and van Vuuren, S., 2012. Telerehabilitation, virtual therapists, and acquired neurologic speech and language disorders. Seminars in speech and language, 33 (3), pp.243–57. 19. Children with Disabilities in Malaysia: Mapping the Policies, Programmes, Interventions and Stakeholders, n.d. 20. Cleland, J., Wood, S., Hardcastle, W., Wishart, J., and Timmins, C., 2010. Relationship between speech, oromotor, language and cognitive abilities in children with Down’s syndrome. International journal of language & communication disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists, 45 (1), pp.83–95. 21. Cortes, M.Y., Guerrero, A., Zapata, J. V., Villegas, M.L., and Ruiz, A., 2013. Study of the usability in applications used by children with Down Syndrome. In: 2013 8th Computing Colombian Conference (8CCC). IEEE, pp.1–6. 22. Dodd, B. and Thompson, L., 2001. Speech disorder in children with Down’s syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 45 (4), pp.308–316. 23. Fell, H.J., MacAuslan, J., Chenausky, K., and Ferrier, L.J., 1998. Automatic babble recognition for early detection of speech related disorders. In: Proceedings of the third international ACM conference on Assistive technologies - Assets ’98. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, pp.59–66. 24. Feng, J., Lazar, J., Kumin, L., and Ozok, A., 2010. Computer Usage by Children with Down Syndrome. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing, 2 (3), pp.1–44. 25. Finestack, L.H., Palmer, M., and Abbeduto, L., 2012. Macrostructural narrative language of adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome or fragile X syndrome. American journal of speech-language pathology / American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 21 (1), pp.29–46. 26. Godino-Llorente, J.I., Stylianou, Y., Dejonckere, P., Gómez-Vilda, P., Rodríguez, W.R., Saz, O., and Lleida, E., 2012. A prelingual tool for the education of altered voices. Speech Communication, 54 (5), pp.583–600. 27. Green, P., Carmichael, J., Hatzis, A., Enderby, P., Hawley, M., and Parker, M., 2003. Automatic Speech Recognition with Sparse Training Data for Dysarthric Speakers. In: EUROSPEECH-2003. pp.1189–1192. 28. Hailpern, J., 2007. Encouraging speech and vocalization in children with autistic spectrum disorder. ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing, (89), pp.47–52. 29. Hailpern, J., Karahalios, K., and Halle, J., 2009. Creating a spoken impact. In: Proceedings of the 27th international conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI 09. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, pp.453. 30. Howell, P., 2010. Speech control in children with Down syndrome. Down Syndrome Research and Practice, 12 (2), pp.98–102. 31. Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat Malaysia [online], 2015. Available at: http://www.jkm.gov.my/content.php?pagename=pendaftaran_orang_kurang_upaya&lang=bm [Accessed 23 May 2015]. 32. Jiar, Y.K., Xi, L., Satria, H., and Yahya, S.Z.S., 2012. Compare developmental profile between children with down syndrome and typically developing matched with cognitive ability under five years old, pp.32–38. 33. Kennedy, E. and Flynn, M., 2003. Early phonological awareness and reading skills in children with Down syndrome. Down Syndrome Research and Practice, 8 (3), pp.100–109. 34. Kent, R.D. and Vorperian, H.K., 2013. Speech impairment in Down syndrome: a review. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research: JSLHR, 56 (1), pp.178–210. 35. Keskinen, T., Heimonen, T., Turunen, M., Rajaniemi, J.-P., and Kauppinen, S., 2012. SymbolChat: A flexible picture-based communication platform for users with intellectual disabilities. Interacting with Computers, 24 (5), pp.374–386. 36. Khan, T.M., 2010. The effects of multimedia learning on children with different special education needs. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2 (2), pp.4341–4345. 37. Kitzing, P., Maier, A., and Ahlander, V.L., 2009. Automatic speech recognition (ASR) and its use as a tool for assessment or therapy of voice, speech, and language disorders. Logopedics, phoniatrics, vocology, 34 (2), pp.91–6. 38. Kroeger, K. a and Nelson, W.M., 2006. A language programme to increase the verbal production of a child dually diagnosed with Down syndrome and autism. Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR, 50 (Pt 2), pp.101–8. 39. Kuan, T.M., Jiar, Y.K., and Supriyanto, E., 2010. Language assessment and training support system (LATSS) for down syndrome children under 6 years old. WSEAS Transactions on Information Science and Applications, 7 (8), pp.1058–1067. 40. Kumin, L., 2003. Early Communication Skills for Children With Down Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals. Woodbine House. 41. Kumin, L., 2006. Speech intelligibility and childhood verbal apraxia in children with Down syndrome. Down’s syndrome, research and practice: the journal of the Sarah Duffen Centre / University of Portsmouth, 10 (1), pp.10–22. 42. Kumin, L., 2012. Early Communication Skills for Children with Down Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals (Topics in Down Syndrome). Woodbine House. 43. Kumin, L., n.d. SPEECH AND LANGUAGE SKILLS IN CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME. Mental Retardation & Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 1996, 2 (2). 44. Lawrence, R. and Bateman, N., 2013. 12 minute consultation: An evidence-based approach to the management of a child with speech and language delay. Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery, 38 (2), pp.148–53. 45. De Lera, E. and Garreta-Domingo, M., 2007. Ten emotion heuristics: guidelines for assessing the user’s affective dimension easily and cost-effectively, pp.163–166. 46. Macedo, I. and Trevisan, D.G., 2013. A Method to Evaluate Disabled User Interaction : A Case Study with Down Syndrome Children, pp.50–58. 47. Macedo, I., Trevisan, D.G., Vasconcelos, C.N., and Clua, E., 2015. Observed Interaction in Games for Down Syndrome Children. 48. Mak, B., Wong, J., Lo, J., Siu, M., Ng, M., Tam, Y.-C., Chan, Y.-C., Chan, K.-W., Leung, K.-Y., Ho, S., and Chong, F.-H., 2003. PLASER. In: Proceedings of the HLT-NAACL 03 workshop on Building educational applications using natural language processing -. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, pp.23–29. 49. Martin, G.E., Klusek, J., Estigarribia, B., and Roberts, J.E., 2009. Language Characteristics of Individuals with Down Syndrome. Topics in language disorders, 29 (2), pp.112–132. 50. Michael, S.E., Ratner, N.B., and Newman, R., 2012. Verb comprehension and use in children and adults with Down syndrome. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research: JSLHR, 55 (6), pp.1736–49. 51. Miolo, G., 2005. Sentence Comprehension in Adolescents With Down Syndrome and Typically Developing Children: Role of Sentence Voice, Visual Context, and Auditory-Verbal Short-Term Memory. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 48 (1), pp.172–188. 52. Mission Statement | Kiwanis Down Syndrome Foundation [online], 2015. Available at: http://www.kdsf.org.my/about-us/mission-statement/ [Accessed 29 Jun 2015]. 53. Miyauchi, M., Kimura, T., and Nojima, T., 2012. Development of a non-contact tongue-motion acquisition system. In: Adjunct proceedings of the 25th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology - UIST Adjunct Proceedings ’12. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, pp.75. 54. Miyauchi, M., Kimura, T., and Nojima, T., 2013. A tongue training system for children with down syndrome. In: Proceedings of the 26th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology - UIST ’13. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, pp.373–376. 55. Molloy, C. a., Murray, D.S., Kinsman, a., Castillo, H., Mitchell, T., Hickey, F.J., and Patterson, B., 2009. Differences in the clinical presentation of Trisomy 21 with and without autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53 (2), pp.143–151. 56. Morfidi, E., Mikropoulos, T. a., and Bellou, I., 2012. Teaching Intervention Through a Hypermedia Application for Children with Learning and Communication Difficulties. Procedia Computer Science, 14 (Dsai), pp.419–427. 57. De Mori, R., Deroo, O., Dupont, S., Jouvet, D., Fissore, L., Laface, P., Mertins, A., Wellekens, C.J., Benzeghiba, M., De Mori, R., Erbes, T., Ris, C., Rose, R., Tyagi, V., and Wellekens, C., 2007. Automatic speech recognition and speech variability: A review. Speech Communication, 49 (10), pp.763–786. 58. Ortega-Tudela, J.M. and Gómez-Ariza, C.J., 2006. Computer-assisted teaching and mathematical learning in Down Syndrome children. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 22 (4), pp.298–307. 59. Paivio, A., 1990. Mental Representations. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. 60. Paris, T.N.S.T.D. and Yussof, R.L., 2012. Preliminary study of Early Reading Courseware for Down Syndrome Children. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35 (December 2011), pp.113–120. 61. Popovici, D.-V. and Buică-Belciu, C., 2012. Professional challenges in computer-assisted speech therapy. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 33, pp.518–522. 62. Preben Wik, Anna Hjalmarson, J.B., 2007. DEAL a serious game for CALL practicing conversational skills in the trade domain. 63. Rabiner, L. and Juang, B.-H., 1993. Fundamentals of speech recognition. 64. Rabiner, L.R., 1989. A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition, 77. 65. Rahman, M.M., Ferdous, S.M., and Ahmed, S.I., 2010. Increasing Intelligibility in the Speech of the Autistic Children by an Interactive Computer Game. In: 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia. IEEE, pp.383–387. 66. Raitano Lee, N., Pennington, B.F., and Keenan, J.M., 2010. Verbal short-term memory deficits in Down syndrome: phonological, semantic, or both? Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders, 2 (1), pp.9–25. 67. Raut, P., Sriram, B., Yeoh, A., Hee, K.Y.M., Lim, S.B., and Daniel, M.L., 2011. High prevalence of hearing loss in Down syndrome at first year of life. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 40 (11), pp.493–8. 68. Roberts, J., Long, S.H., Malkin, C., Barnes, E., Skinner, M., Hennon, E.A., and Anderson, K., 2005. A comparison of phonological skills of boys with fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research: JSLHR, 48 (5), pp.980–95. 69. Roberts, J.E., Price, J., and Malkin, C., 2007. Language and communication development in Down syndrome. Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews, 13 (1), pp.26–35. 70. Sacks, B. and Wood, A., 2003. Hearing disorders in children with Down syndrome. Down Syndrome News and Update, 3 (2), pp.38–41. 71. Saz, O., Yin, S.-C., Lleida, E., Rose, R., Vaquero, C., and Rodríguez, W.R., 2009. Tools and Technologies for Computer-Aided Speech and Language Therapy. Speech Communication, 51 (10), pp.948–967. 72. Stoel-Gammon, C., 2001a. Down syndrome phonology: Developmental patterns and intervention strategies. Down Syndrome Research and Practice, 7 (3), pp.93–100. 73. Stoel-Gammon, C., 2001b. Down syndrome phonology: developmental patterns and intervention strategies. Down’s syndrome, research and practice: the journal of the Sarah Duffen Centre / University of Portsmouth, 7 (3), pp.93–100. 74. Sudirman, R., Kuan, T.M., Yong, C.Y., and Supriyanto, E., 2010. Effective support system for language assessment and training of special children. In: 2010 IEEE EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (IECBES). IEEE, pp.43–46. 75. Torres-Carrión, P., González-González, C., and Carreño, A.M., 2014. Methodology of emotional evaluation in education and rehabilitation activities for people with Down syndrome. In: Proceedings of the XV International Conference on Human Computer Interaction - Interacción ’14. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, pp.1–4. 76. Trinh, H., 2011. Using a computer intervention to support phonological awareness development of nonspeaking adults. In: The proceedings of the 13th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility - ASSETS ’11. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, pp.329. 77. Vaquero, C., Saz, O., Lleida, E., Marcos, J.M., Canalís, C., and de Educación, C.P., 2006. VOCALIZA: An application for computer-aided speech therapy in spanish language. IV jornadas en tecnologías del habla, Zaragoza, España, pp.321–326. 78. Vaquero, C., Saz, O., Lleida, E., and Rodriguez, W.-R., 2008. E-inclusion technologies for the speech handicapped. In: 2008 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing. IEEE, pp.4509–4512. 79. Wik, P. and Hjalmarsson, A., 2009. Embodied conversational agents in computer assisted language learning. Speech Communication, 51 (10), pp.1024–1037. 80. Yussof, R.L. and Paris, T.N.S.T., 2012. Reading Activities Using the Scaffolding in MEL-SindD for Down Syndrome Children. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35 (December 2011), pp.121–128. 81. Yussof, R.L., Paris, T.N.S.T., Abas, H., and Zaman, H.B., 2013. Mixed Usability Evaluation During the Development Cycle of ‘MEL-SindD’. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 105, pp.162–170. 82. Zarin, R. and Fallman, D., 2011. Through the troll forest. In: Proceedings of the 2011 annual conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI ’11. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, pp.3319.